[SPARK-22666][ML][SQL] Spark datasource for image format

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Implement an image schema datasource.

This image datasource support:
  - partition discovery (loading partitioned images)
  - dropImageFailures (the same behavior with `ImageSchema.readImage`)
  - path wildcard matching (the same behavior with `ImageSchema.readImage`)
  - loading recursively from directory (different from `ImageSchema.readImage`, but use such path: `/path/to/dir/**`)

This datasource **NOT** support:
  - specify `numPartitions` (it will be determined by datasource automatically)
  - sampling (you can use `df.sample` later but the sampling operator won't be pushdown to datasource)

## How was this patch tested?
Unit tests.

## Benchmark
I benchmark and compare the cost time between old `ImageSchema.read` API and my image datasource.

**cluster**: 4 nodes, each with 64GB memory, 8 cores CPU
**test dataset**: Flickr8k_Dataset (about 8091 images)

**time cost**:
- My image datasource time (automatically generate 258 partitions):  38.04s
- `ImageSchema.read` time (set 16 partitions): 68.4s
- `ImageSchema.read` time (set 258 partitions):  90.6s

**time cost when increase image number by double (clone Flickr8k_Dataset and loads double number images)**:
- My image datasource time (automatically generate 515 partitions):  95.4s
- `ImageSchema.read` (set 32 partitions): 109s
- `ImageSchema.read` (set 515 partitions):  105s

So we can see that my image datasource implementation (this PR) bring some performance improvement compared against old`ImageSchema.read` API.

Closes apache#22328 from WeichenXu123/image_datasource.

Authored-by: WeichenXu <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Xiangrui Meng <[email protected]>

Author: WeichenXu123

data/mllib/images/kittens/29.5.a_b_EGDP022204.jpg data/mllib/images/origin/kittens/29.5.a_b_EGDP022204.jpg

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+The images in the folder "kittens" are under the creative commons CC0 license, or no rights reserved:
+https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/
+The images are taken from:
+https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org/image/detail/WZnbJSJ2-dzIDiuUUdto3Q==
+https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org/image/detail/_TlKu_rm_QrWlR0zthQTXA==
+https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org/image/detail/OPNnHJb6q37rSZ5o_L5JHQ==
+https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org/image/detail/B2CVP_j5KjwZm7UAVJ3Hvw==
+
+The chr30.4.184.jpg and grayscale.jpg images are also under the CC0 license, taken from:
+https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org/image/detail/8eO_qqotBfEm2UYxirLntw==
+
+The image under "multi-channel" directory is under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license cropped from:
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_compositing#/media/File:Hue_alpha_falloff.png

data/mllib/images/kittens/54893.jpg data/mllib/images/origin/kittens/54893.jpg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+not an image

data/mllib/images/kittens/DP153539.jpg data/mllib/images/origin/kittens/DP153539.jpg

@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 org.apache.spark.ml.source.libsvm.LibSVMFileFormat
+org.apache.spark.ml.source.image.ImageFileFormat

data/mllib/images/kittens/DP802813.jpg data/mllib/images/origin/kittens/DP802813.jpg

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.ml.source.image
+
+/**
+ * `image` package implements Spark SQL data source API for loading image data as `DataFrame`.
+ * The loaded `DataFrame` has one `StructType` column: `image`.
+ * The schema of the `image` column is:
+ *  - origin: String (represents the file path of the image)
+ *  - height: Int (height of the image)
+ *  - width: Int (width of the image)
+ *  - nChannels: Int (number of the image channels)
+ *  - mode: Int (OpenCV-compatible type)
+ *  - data: BinaryType (Image bytes in OpenCV-compatible order: row-wise BGR in most cases)
+ *
+ * To use image data source, you need to set "image" as the format in `DataFrameReader` and
+ * optionally specify the data source options, for example:
+ * {{{
+ *   // Scala
+ *   val df = spark.read.format("image")
+ *     .option("dropInvalid", true)
+ *     .load("data/mllib/images/partitioned")
+ *
+ *   // Java
+ *   Dataset<Row> df = spark.read().format("image")
+ *     .option("dropInvalid", true)
+ *     .load("data/mllib/images/partitioned");
+ * }}}
+ *
+ * Image data source supports the following options:
+ *  - "dropInvalid": Whether to drop the files that are not valid images from the result.
+ *
+ * @note This IMAGE data source does not support saving images to files.
+ *
+ * @note This class is public for documentation purpose. Please don't use this class directly.
+ * Rather, use the data source API as illustrated above.
+ */
+class ImageDataSource private() {}

data/mllib/images/kittens/not-image.txt data/mllib/images/origin/kittens/not-image.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.ml.source.image
+
+import com.google.common.io.{ByteStreams, Closeables}
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.{FileStatus, Path}
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Job
+
+import org.apache.spark.ml.image.ImageSchema
+import org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.InternalRow
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.encoders.RowEncoder
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.{AttributeReference, UnsafeRow}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.CaseInsensitiveMap
+import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.{DataSource, FileFormat, OutputWriterFactory, PartitionedFile}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sources.{DataSourceRegister, Filter}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType
+import org.apache.spark.util.SerializableConfiguration
+
+private[image] class ImageFileFormat extends FileFormat with DataSourceRegister {
+
+  override def inferSchema(
+      sparkSession: SparkSession,
+      options: Map[String, String],
+      files: Seq[FileStatus]): Option[StructType] = Some(ImageSchema.imageSchema)
+
+  override def prepareWrite(
+      sparkSession: SparkSession,
+      job: Job,
+      options: Map[String, String],
+      dataSchema: StructType): OutputWriterFactory = {
+    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Write is not supported for image data source")
+  }
+
+  override def shortName(): String = "image"
+
+  override protected def buildReader(
+      sparkSession: SparkSession,
+      dataSchema: StructType,
+      partitionSchema: StructType,
+      requiredSchema: StructType,
+      filters: Seq[Filter],
+      options: Map[String, String],
+      hadoopConf: Configuration): (PartitionedFile) => Iterator[InternalRow] = {
+    assert(
+      requiredSchema.length <= 1,
+      "Image data source only produces a single data column named \"image\".")
+
+    val broadcastedHadoopConf =
+      sparkSession.sparkContext.broadcast(new SerializableConfiguration(hadoopConf))
+
+    val imageSourceOptions = new ImageOptions(options)
+
+    (file: PartitionedFile) => {
+      val emptyUnsafeRow = new UnsafeRow(0)
+      if (!imageSourceOptions.dropInvalid && requiredSchema.isEmpty) {
+        Iterator(emptyUnsafeRow)
+      } else {
+        val origin = file.filePath
+        val path = new Path(origin)
+        val fs = path.getFileSystem(broadcastedHadoopConf.value.value)
+        val stream = fs.open(path)
+        val bytes = try {
+          ByteStreams.toByteArray(stream)
+        } finally {
+          Closeables.close(stream, true)
+        }
+        val resultOpt = ImageSchema.decode(origin, bytes)
+        val filteredResult = if (imageSourceOptions.dropInvalid) {
+          resultOpt.toIterator
+        } else {
+          Iterator(resultOpt.getOrElse(ImageSchema.invalidImageRow(origin)))
+        }
+
+        if (requiredSchema.isEmpty) {
+          filteredResult.map(_ => emptyUnsafeRow)
+        } else {
+          val converter = RowEncoder(requiredSchema)
+          filteredResult.map(row => converter.toRow(row))
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

data/mllib/images/origin/license.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.ml.source.image
+
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.CaseInsensitiveMap
+
+private[image] class ImageOptions(
+    @transient private val parameters: CaseInsensitiveMap[String]) extends Serializable {
+
+  def this(parameters: Map[String, String]) = this(CaseInsensitiveMap(parameters))
+
+  /**
+   * Whether to drop invalid images. If true, invalid images will be removed, otherwise
+   * invalid images will be returned with empty data and all other field filled with `-1`.
+   */
+  val dropInvalid = parameters.getOrElse("dropInvalid", "false").toBoolean
+}

data/mllib/images/multi-channel/BGRA.png data/mllib/images/origin/multi-channel/BGRA.png

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import org.apache.spark.sql.types._
 
 class ImageSchemaSuite extends SparkFunSuite with MLlibTestSparkContext {
   // Single column of images named "image"
-  private lazy val imagePath = "../data/mllib/images"
+  private lazy val imagePath = "../data/mllib/images/origin"
 
   test("Smoke test: create basic ImageSchema dataframe") {
     val origin = "path"

data/mllib/images/multi-channel/BGRA_alpha_60.png data/mllib/images/origin/multi-channel/BGRA_alpha_60.png

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.ml.source.image
+
+import java.nio.file.Paths
+
+import org.apache.spark.SparkFunSuite
+import org.apache.spark.ml.image.ImageSchema._
+import org.apache.spark.mllib.util.MLlibTestSparkContext
+import org.apache.spark.sql.Row
+import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.{col, substring_index}
+
+class ImageFileFormatSuite extends SparkFunSuite with MLlibTestSparkContext {
+
+  // Single column of images named "image"
+  private lazy val imagePath = "../data/mllib/images/partitioned"
+
+  test("image datasource count test") {
+    val df1 = spark.read.format("image").load(imagePath)
+    assert(df1.count === 9)
+
+    val df2 = spark.read.format("image").option("dropInvalid", true).load(imagePath)
+    assert(df2.count === 8)
+  }
+
+  test("image datasource test: read jpg image") {
+    val df = spark.read.format("image").load(imagePath + "/cls=kittens/date=2018-02/DP153539.jpg")
+    assert(df.count() === 1)
+  }
+
+  test("image datasource test: read png image") {
+    val df = spark.read.format("image").load(imagePath + "/cls=multichannel/date=2018-01/BGRA.png")
+    assert(df.count() === 1)
+  }
+
+  test("image datasource test: read non image") {
+    val filePath = imagePath + "/cls=kittens/date=2018-01/not-image.txt"
+    val df = spark.read.format("image").option("dropInvalid", true)
+      .load(filePath)
+    assert(df.count() === 0)
+
+    val df2 = spark.read.format("image").option("dropInvalid", false)
+      .load(filePath)
+    assert(df2.count() === 1)
+    val result = df2.head()
+    assert(result === invalidImageRow(
+      Paths.get(filePath).toAbsolutePath().normalize().toUri().toString))
+  }
+
+  test("image datasource partition test") {
+    val result = spark.read.format("image")
+      .option("dropInvalid", true).load(imagePath)
+      .select(substring_index(col("image.origin"), "/", -1).as("origin"), col("cls"), col("date"))
+      .collect()
+
+    assert(Set(result: _*) === Set(
+      Row("29.5.a_b_EGDP022204.jpg", "kittens", "2018-01"),
+      Row("54893.jpg", "kittens", "2018-02"),
+      Row("DP153539.jpg", "kittens", "2018-02"),
+      Row("DP802813.jpg", "kittens", "2018-02"),
+      Row("BGRA.png", "multichannel", "2018-01"),
+      Row("BGRA_alpha_60.png", "multichannel", "2018-01"),
+      Row("chr30.4.184.jpg", "multichannel", "2018-02"),
+      Row("grayscale.jpg", "multichannel", "2018-02")
+    ))
+  }
+
+  // Images with the different number of channels
+  test("readImages pixel values test") {
+    val images = spark.read.format("image").option("dropInvalid", true)
+      .load(imagePath + "/cls=multichannel/").collect()
+
+    val firstBytes20Set = images.map { rrow =>
+      val row = rrow.getAs[Row]("image")
+      val filename = Paths.get(getOrigin(row)).getFileName().toString()
+      val mode = getMode(row)
+      val bytes20 = getData(row).slice(0, 20).toList
+      filename -> Tuple2(mode, bytes20) // Cannot remove `Tuple2`, otherwise `->` operator
+                                        // will match 2 arguments
+    }.toSet
+
+    assert(firstBytes20Set === expectedFirstBytes20Set)
+  }
+
+  // number of channels and first 20 bytes of OpenCV representation
+  // - default representation for 3-channel RGB images is BGR row-wise:
+  //   (B00, G00, R00,      B10, G10, R10,      ...)
+  // - default representation for 4-channel RGB images is BGRA row-wise:
+  //   (B00, G00, R00, A00, B10, G10, R10, A10, ...)
+  private val expectedFirstBytes20Set = Set(
+    "grayscale.jpg" ->
+      ((0, List[Byte](-2, -33, -61, -60, -59, -59, -64, -59, -66, -67, -73, -73, -62,
+        -57, -60, -63, -53, -49, -55, -69))),
+    "chr30.4.184.jpg" -> ((16,
+      List[Byte](-9, -3, -1, -43, -32, -28, -75, -60, -57, -78, -59, -56, -74, -59, -57,
+        -71, -58, -56, -73, -64))),
+    "BGRA.png" -> ((24,
+      List[Byte](-128, -128, -8, -1, -128, -128, -8, -1, -128,
+        -128, -8, -1, 127, 127, -9, -1, 127, 127, -9, -1))),
+    "BGRA_alpha_60.png" -> ((24,
+      List[Byte](-128, -128, -8, 60, -128, -128, -8, 60, -128,
+        -128, -8, 60, 127, 127, -9, 60, 127, 127, -9, 60)))
+  )
+}

data/mllib/images/multi-channel/chr30.4.184.jpg data/mllib/images/origin/multi-channel/chr30.4.184.jpg

@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ def readImages(self, path, recursive=False, numPartitions=-1,
         :return: a :class:`DataFrame` with a single column of "images",
                see ImageSchema for details.
 
-        >>> df = ImageSchema.readImages('data/mllib/images/kittens', recursive=True)
+        >>> df = ImageSchema.readImages('data/mllib/images/origin/kittens', recursive=True)
         >>> df.count()
         5
 

data/mllib/images/multi-channel/grayscale.jpg data/mllib/images/origin/multi-channel/grayscale.jpg

@@ -2186,7 +2186,7 @@ def tearDown(self):
 class ImageReaderTest(SparkSessionTestCase):
 
     def test_read_images(self):
-        data_path = 'data/mllib/images/kittens'
+        data_path = 'data/mllib/images/origin/kittens'
         df = ImageSchema.readImages(data_path, recursive=True, dropImageFailures=True)
         self.assertEqual(df.count(), 4)
         first_row = df.take(1)[0][0]
@@ -2253,7 +2253,7 @@ def tearDownClass(cls):
     def test_read_images_multiple_times(self):
         # This test case is to check if `ImageSchema.readImages` tries to
         # initiate Hive client multiple times. See SPARK-22651.
-        data_path = 'data/mllib/images/kittens'
+        data_path = 'data/mllib/images/origin/kittens'
         ImageSchema.readImages(data_path, recursive=True, dropImageFailures=True)
         ImageSchema.readImages(data_path, recursive=True, dropImageFailures=True)