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<title> MM-IQ: Benchmarking Human-Like Abstraction and Reasoning in Multimodal Models </title>
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<h1 class="title is-1 publication-title is-bold">
<img src="./static/MMIQ-logo.png" style="width:1em;vertical-align: middle" alt="Logo">
<span class="mmiq" style="vertical-align: middle">MM-IQ</span>
</h1>
<h2 class="subtitle is-3 publication-subtitle">
Benchmarking Human-Like Abstraction and Reasoning in Multimodal Models
</h2>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<span class="author-block">
Huanqia Cai<sup style="color:#6fbf73;"></sup>, </span>
<span class="author-block">
Yijun Yang</a><sup style="color:#6fbf73;"></sup>, </span>
<span class="author-block">
Winston Hu</a><sup style="color:#6fbf73;"></sup>
</span>
</div>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<span class="author-block"><b>Tencent Hunyuan Team</b></span>
</div>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<span class="author-block">[email protected]</span>
</div>
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<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.00698" class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
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<span>Paper</span>
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</span>
<span>Code</span>
</a>
</span>
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<img src="./static/combined_picture1.png" alt="combined reasoning" width="100%">
</p>
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</div>
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</section>
<section class="section">
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<h2 class="title is-3">Introduction</h2>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>
<b>IQ testing has served as a foundational methodology for evaluating human cognitive capabilities, deliberately decoupling assessment from linguistic background, language proficiency, or domain-specific knowledge to isolate core competencies in abstraction and reasoning. Yet, artificial intelligence research currently lacks systematic benchmarks to quantify these critical cognitive dimensions in multimodal systems. To address this critical gap, we propose <img src="./static/MMIQ-logo.png" style="width:1.0em;vertical-align: middle" alt="Logo"> MM-IQ, a comprehensive evaluation framework comprising <b>2,710</b> meticulously curated test items spanning <b>8</b> distinct reasoning paradigms.
</p>
<p>
Through systematic evaluation of leading open-source and proprietary multimodal models, our benchmark reveals striking limitations: even state-of-the-art architectures achieve only marginally superior performance to random chance (<b>27.49%</b> vs. <b>25%</b> baseline accuracy). This substantial performance chasm highlights the inadequacy of current multimodal systems in approximating fundamental human reasoning capacities, underscoring the need for paradigm-shifting advancements to bridge this cognitive divide.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!--/ Abstract. -->
</div>
</section>
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<h2 class="title is-3" id="leaderboard">Leaderboard on <img src="./static/MMIQ-logo.png" style="width:1.0em;vertical-align: middle" alt="Logo"> MM-IQ</h2>
<div class="content">
<p class="mt-3">Accuracy scores on the <b>test</b> set (2,710 problems) of <img src="./static/MMIQ-logo.png" style="width:1.0em;vertical-align: middle" alt="Logo">
<span class="mmiq">MM-IQ</span>.
</p>
<table class="js-sort-table" id="results" data-js-sort-table="true">
<thead><tr>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="0"><strong>#</strong></td>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="1"><strong>Model</strong></td>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="2"><strong>Type</strong></td>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="3"><strong>Source</strong></td>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="4"><strong>Date</strong></td>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="5"><strong><u>Mean</u></strong></td>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="6"><strong>LO</strong></td>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="7"><strong>Math</strong></td>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="8"><strong>2D-G</strong></td>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="9"><strong>3D-G</strong></td>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="10"><strong>VI</strong></td>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="11"><strong>TM</strong></td>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="12"><strong>SR</strong></td>
<td class="js-sort-number" data-js-sort-colnum="13"><strong>CO</strong></td>
</tr></thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td><b class="best-score-text">Human Performance* 🥇</b></td>
<td>- </td>
<td><a href="https://github.com/" class="ext-link" style="font-size: 16px;">Link</a></td>
<td>2024-09-04</td>
<td><b class="best-score-text">51.27</b></td>
<td>61.36</td>
<td>45.03</td>
<td>60.11</td>
<td>47.48</td>
<td>46.67</td>
<td>55.61</td>
<td>36.63</td>
<td>65.79</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td><b class="best-score-text">Claude-3.5-sonnet 🥈</b></td>
<td>Proprietary</td>
<td><a href="https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-5-sonnet" class="ext-link" style="font-size: 16px;">Link</a></td>
<td>2024-11-14</td>
<td><b class="best-score-text">27.49</b></td>
<td>23.41</td>
<td>29.48</td>
<td>26.60</td>
<td>24.37</td>
<td>35.56</td>
<td>25.69</td>
<td>27.72</td>
<td>42.11</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>3</td>
<td><b class="best-score-text">QVQ-72B-Preview 🥉</b></td>
<td>Open-Source 🖼️</td>
<td><a href="https://qwenlm.github.io/blog/qvq-72b-preview/" class="ext-link" style="font-size: 16px;">Link</a></td>
<td>2024-11-22</td>
<td><b class="best-score-text">26.94</b></td>
<td>28.91</td>
<td>25.59</td>
<td>29.23</td>
<td>26.38</td>
<td>26.67</td>
<td>25.43</td>
<td>22.77</td>
<td>34.21</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td><b class="">GPT-4o</b></td>
<td>Proprietary</td>
<td><a href="https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/" class="ext-link" style="font-size: 16px;">Link</a></td>
<td>2024-11-12</td>
<td><b class="">26.87</b></td>
<td>25.52</td>
<td>25.70</td>
<td>28.32</td>
<td>27.64</td>
<td>26.67</td>
<td>25.69</td>
<td>27.72</td>
<td>50.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td><b class="">Gemini-1.5-pro-002</b></td>
<td>Proprietary</td>
<td><a href="https://deepmind.google/technologies/gemini/pro/" class="ext-link" style="font-size: 16px;">Link</a></td>
<td>2024-11-09</td>
<td><b class="">26.86</b></td>
<td>19.53</td>
<td>27.43</td>
<td>28.03</td>
<td>25.88</td>
<td>24.44</td>
<td>31.17</td>
<td>25.74</td>
<td>39.47</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td><b class="">Qwen2-VL-72B-Instruct</b></td>
<td>Open-Source 🖼️</td>
<td><a href="https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen2-VL" class="ext-link" style="font-size: 16px;">Link</a></td>
<td>2024-11-13</td>
<td><b class="">26.38</b></td>
<td>24.74</td>
<td>24.40</td>
<td>28.60</td>
<td>27.39</td>
<td>24.44</td>
<td>26.93</td>
<td>32.67</td>
<td>23.68</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td><b class="">Deepseek-vl-7b-chat</b></td>
<td>Open-Source 🖼️</td>
<td><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.05525" class="ext-link" style="font-size: 16px;">Link</a></td>
<td>2024-11-14</td>
<td><b class="">22.17</b></td>
<td>19.53</td>
<td>20.30</td>
<td>22.25</td>
<td>27.39</td>
<td>35.56</td>
<td>23.72</td>
<td>24.75</td>
<td>15.79</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td><b class="">LLaVA-1.6-7B</b></td>
<td>Open-Source 🖼️</td>
<td><a href="https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA" class="ext-link" style="font-size: 16px;">Link</a></td>
<td>2024-11-03</td>
<td><b class="">19.45</b></td>
<td>24.22</td>
<td>20.34</td>
<td>17.92</td>
<td>15.83</td>
<td>20.00</td>
<td>18.23</td>
<td>17.82</td>
<td>18.42</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Human Performance*:</b> Average human performance from annotators who have high school diplomas or above.
<br>
<!-- <b>Method types:</b> <b>MoE 🤖:</b> Mixture of Experts, <b>LMM 🖼️:</b> Large Multimodal Model, <b>Tool 🛠️:</b> Tool-augmented Large Language Model.
<br> -->
<b>Reasoning Paradigm:</b> <b>LO:</b> Logical Operation,
<b>2D-G:</b> 2D-Geometry,
<b>3D-G:</b> 3D-Geometry,
<br>
<b>VI:</b> Visual Instruction,
<b>TM:</b> Temporal Movement,
<b>SR:</b> Spatial Relationship,
<b>CO:</b> Concrete Object.
<br>
<br>
<div>
<p>🚨 To submit your results to the leaderboard, please send to <a href="mailto:[email protected]">this email</a> with your result json files.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
</section>
<!-- DATASET SECTION -->
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<h1 class="title is-1 mmiq">
<span class="mmiq" style="vertical-align: middle"><img src="./static/MMIQ-logo.png" style="width:1.0em;vertical-align: middle" alt="Logo"> MM-IQ Dataset</span>
</h1>
</div>
</section>
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<h2 class="title is-3">Examples</h2>
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<div class="box m-5">
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<p> Prompt: Choose the most appropriate option from the given four choices to fill in the question mark, so that it presents a certain regularity:</p>
<img src="./static/imgs/logical_AND_2664.png" alt="algebraic reasoning" width="50%">
<p>(Ground Truth: C)</p>
<p> A visual example of logical operation paradigm of <img src="./static/MMIQ-logo.png" style="width:1.0em;vertical-align: middle" alt="Logo"> MM-IQ.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="box m-5">
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<p>Prompt1: Choose the most appropriate option from the given four options to present a certain regularity: </p>
<p>Option A: 4; Option B: 5; Option C: 6; Option D: 7</p>
<img src="./static/imgs/arithmetic_1133.png" alt="arithmetic reasoning" width="50%">
<p> </p>(Ground Truth: D)
<p>Prompt2: Choose the most appropriate option from the given four choices to fill in the question mark, so that it presents a certain regularity: </p>
<img src="./static/imgs/quantity_point_678.png" alt="arithmetic reasoning" width="50%">
<p>(Ground Truth: A)</p>
<p> Two visual example of mathematical paradigm of <img src="./static/MMIQ-logo.png" style="width:1.0em;vertical-align: middle" alt="Logo"> MM-IQ.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="box m-5">
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<p>Prompt: The option that best fits the given pattern of figures is ( ).</p>
<img src="./static/imgs/2D_sys_1036.png" alt="arithmetic reasoning" width="100%">
<p> </p>(Ground Truth: A)
<p> A visual example of 2D-geometry paradigm of <img src="./static/MMIQ-logo.png" style="width:1.0em;vertical-align: middle" alt="Logo"> MM-IQ.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="box m-5">
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<p>Prompt: Choose the most appropriate option from the given four options to present a certain regularity:</p>
<img src="./static/imgs/Visual_instruction_arrow_2440.png" alt="arithmetic reasoning" width="100%">
<p> </p>(Ground Truth: B)
<p> A visual example of visual instruction paradigm of <img src="./static/MMIQ-logo.png" style="width:1.0em;vertical-align: middle" alt="Logo"> MM-IQ.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="box m-5">
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<p>Prompt: Choose the most appropriate option from the given four options to present a certain regularity:</p>
<img src="./static/imgs/spatial_6160.png" alt="arithmetic reasoning" width="80%">
<p> </p>(Ground Truth: D)
<p> A visual example of spatial relationship paradigm of <img src="./static/MMIQ-logo.png" style="width:1.0em;vertical-align: middle" alt="Logo"> MM-IQ.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="box m-5">
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<p>Prompt: Choose the most appropriate option from the given four choices to fill in the question mark, so that it presents a certain regularity:</p>
<img src="./static/imgs/concrete_object_6167.png" alt="arithmetic reasoning" width="40%">
<p> </p>(Ground Truth: D)
<p> A visual example of concrete object paradigm of <img src="./static/MMIQ-logo.png" style="width:1.0em;vertical-align: middle" alt="Logo"> MM-IQ.</p>
</div>
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<div class="box m-5">
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<p>Prompt: The one that matches the top view is:</p>
<img src="./static/imgs/3D_view_1699.png" alt="arithmetic reasoning" width="80%">
<p> </p>(Ground Truth: C)
<p> A visual example of 3D-geometry paradigm of <img src="./static/MMIQ-logo.png" style="width:1.0em;vertical-align: middle" alt="Logo"> MM-IQ.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="box m-5">
<div class="content has-text-centered">
<p>Prompt:Choose the most appropriate option from the given four choices to fill in the question mark, so that it presents a certain regularity:</p>
<img src="./static/imgs/temporal_rotation_1379.png" alt="arithmetic reasoning" width="50%">
<p> </p>(Ground Truth: C)
<p> A visual example of temporal movement paradigm of <img src="./static/MMIQ-logo.png" style="width:1.0em;vertical-align: middle" alt="Logo"> MM-IQ.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- @PAN TODO: bibtex -->
<section class="section" id="BibTeX">
<div class="container is-max-desktop content">
<h2 class="title is-3 has-text-centered">BibTeX</h2>
<pre><code>@article{cai2025mm,
title={MM-IQ: Benchmarking Human-Like Abstraction and Reasoning in Multimodal Models},
author={Cai, Huanqia and Yang, Yijun and Hu, Winston},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.00698},
year={2025}
}
</code></pre>
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<p>Contact: Huanqia Cai: [email protected]</p>
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This website is website adapted from <a href="https://nerfies.github.io/">Nerfies</a> and <a href="https://mathvista.github.io/">MathVista</a>, licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative
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