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<h1 class="title">Mobility Matters</h1>
</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta">
</div>
</header>
<section id="mobility-matters." class="level1">
<h1>Mobility Matters.</h1>
<section id="a-case-study-on-how-cell-phones-can-assist-in-mapping-human-mobility-during-a-pandemic." class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="a-case-study-on-how-cell-phones-can-assist-in-mapping-human-mobility-during-a-pandemic.">A case study on how cell phones can assist in mapping human mobility during a pandemic.</h2>
<section id="introduction" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
<div class="cr-section cr-column-screen overlay-center">
<div class="narrative-col">
<div class="progress-block">
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-myimage">
<div class="narrative">
<p>The emergence and persistence of vector-borne diseases are shaped by a combination of ecological and human factors.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger">
<div class="narrative">
<p>Human-to-human contact plays a critical role in the spread of contagious viruses like COVID-19, particularly in urban areas with high population densities.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger">
<div class="narrative">
<p>In 2020, the global outbreak of COVID-19 led governments around the world to adopt lockdowns to control the spread of the virus and protect public health.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sticky-col">
<div class="sticky-col-stack">
<div id="cr-myimage" class="sticky">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="img/subte.jpg" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption class="figure-caption"><span class="citation" data-cites="subte">[<a href="#ref-subte" role="doc-biblioref">1</a>]</span></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-data-can-we-use-to-analyze-human-mobility-in-the-territory" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="what-data-can-we-use-to-analyze-human-mobility-in-the-territory">What data can we use to analyze human mobility in the territory?</h2>
<p>Meta/Facebook Mobility Data is available to researchers through the <strong>Data4Good</strong> Partner Program</p>
<p><img src="img/meta_webpage.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<p>You can read more about it in the <a href="https://dataforgood.facebook.com/"><code>data4Good</code> WebPage</a></p>
<section id="what-do-we-mean-when-we-talk-about-metafacebook-mobility-data" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="what-do-we-mean-when-we-talk-about-metafacebook-mobility-data">What do we mean when we talk about Meta/Facebook Mobility Data?</h3>
<div class="cr-section cr-column-screen overlay-center">
<div class="narrative-col">
<div class="progress-block">
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-data">
<div class="narrative">
<p>Mobile devices with a Meta app installed can capture the latitude and longitude of users’ locations at a specific time.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-data">
<div class="narrative">
<p>Using each user’s location as a reference, the increase or decrease in the number of users can be mapped to individual tiles.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sticky-col">
<div class="sticky-col-stack">
<div id="cr-data" class="sticky">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="img/mujer_celular.jpg" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption class="figure-caption"><span class="citation" data-cites="mujer_celular">[<a href="#ref-mujer_celular" role="doc-biblioref">2</a>]</span></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="section" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="section">📱 ➡ 🗺️</h2>
<p>Our variable of interest is <code>percentage change</code>, which is relative and their values indicates change in the number of user compared to a baseline value. In this case, the baseline are the users from the previous year for the same date and time range.</p>
<div class="columns">
<div id="vcenter" class="column" style="width:40%;">
<ol type="1">
<li><p>Mapped using <strong>Bing Tile Architecture</strong>.</p></li>
<li><p>Data is provided on daily basis in <strong>8-hour time periods</strong>.</p></li>
<li><p>Measures are applied to the data to ensure privacy and maintain anonymity.</p></li>
</ol>
</div><div id="vcenter" class="column" style="width:60%;">
<p><img src="img/tiles.jpg" class="img-fluid"></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="callout callout-style-simple callout-note no-icon callout-titled">
<div class="callout-header d-flex align-content-center">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon no-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-container flex-fill">
R package <code>quadkeyr</code>
</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<p>To convert the data provided by Meta into an image that can be overlaid on a map, we created an R package called <code>quadkeyr</code><span class="citation" data-cites="quadkeyr">[<a href="#ref-quadkeyr" role="doc-biblioref">3</a>]</span>. You can read more about it in <a href="https://docs.ropensci.org/quadkeyr/"><code>quadkeyr</code> documentation</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="callout callout-style-simple callout-warning">
<div class="callout-body d-flex">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="callout-body-container">
<p>The interpretation of Facebook/Meta data is complex and will be analyzed in greater detail in a forthcoming publication.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="case-of-study" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="case-of-study">Case of Study</h2>
<div class="cr-section cr-column-screen sidebar-left">
<div class="narrative-col">
<div class="progress-block">
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-graphic">
<div class="narrative">
<p>This is the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires in Argentina.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-graphic">
<div class="narrative">
<p>The Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires spans approximately 3,833 km² and is home to 35% of the nation’s population, making it the country’s most densely inhabited region <span class="citation" data-cites="argentina_amba">[<a href="#ref-argentina_amba" role="doc-biblioref">4</a>]</span>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sticky-col">
<div class="sticky-col-stack">
<div id="cr-graphic" class="sticky">
<p><img src="img/amba.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cr-section cr-column-screen overlay-center">
<div class="narrative-col">
<div class="progress-block">
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-myimage2">
<div class="narrative">
<p>The first case of COVID-19 in Argentina was on March 3rd by a patient that had returned from Italy, where a significant outbreak was ongoing.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger">
<div class="narrative">
<p>On March 20th, the Government established Social, Preventive and Obligatory Isolation initially until March 31th, but it was then extended 5 times, until June 7th <span class="citation" data-cites="ramirez2022">[<a href="#ref-ramirez2022" role="doc-biblioref">5</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sticky-col">
<div class="sticky-col-stack">
<div id="cr-myimage2" class="sticky">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="img/covid.jpg" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption class="figure-caption"><span class="citation" data-cites="covid">[<a href="#ref-covid" role="doc-biblioref">6</a>]</span></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cr-section cr-column-screen sidebar-left">
<div class="narrative-col">
<div class="progress-block">
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-graphic3">
<div class="narrative">
<p>Let’s explore Facebook mobility data.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-graphic3">
<div class="narrative">
<p>We overlay one of the generated rasters, specifically from Phase 3 of Social, Preventive, and Mandatory Isolation in May 2020 <span class="citation" data-cites="ramirez2022">[<a href="#ref-ramirez2022" role="doc-biblioref">5</a>]</span>. Notice the variety of pixel colors—what do they represent? Let’s dive in.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger">
<div class="narrative">
<p>The blue-toned pixels indicate areas where mobility decreased compared to the same period in the previous year. The darker the color, the greater the reduction in mobility.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-pan-to="20%,-30%" data-focus-on="cr-graphic3" data-scale-by="2">
<div class="narrative">
<p>Without going into detail, we can observe two significant areas where human mobility decreased compared to the same period in 2019.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-pan-to="20%,-30%" data-focus-on="cr-graphic3" data-scale-by="2">
<div class="narrative">
<p><strong>Can you imagine what these areas correspond to?</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sticky-col">
<div class="sticky-col-stack">
<div id="cr-graphic3" class="sticky">
<p><img src="img/amba_raster.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cr-section cr-column-screen overlay-center">
<div class="narrative-col">
<div class="progress-block">
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-obelisco">
<div class="narrative">
<p><strong>President’s Speech (fragment)</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-obelisco">
<div class="narrative">
<p>“The Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires is a critical region. It is the most populous area, making it more susceptible to contagion as a large number of people live there.<span class="citation" data-cites="cuarentenamayo">[<a href="#ref-cuarentenamayo" role="doc-biblioref">7</a>]</span>”</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-obelisco">
<div class="narrative">
<p>“If one keeps a distance from others, wears a mask, keeps their hands clean at all times, and avoids touching their face, the chances of infection are very low. These measures, however, are very difficult to follow if you live in a crowded place, or if you board a packed train or bus.<span class="citation" data-cites="cuarentenamayo">[<a href="#ref-cuarentenamayo" role="doc-biblioref">7</a>]</span>”</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-obelisco">
<div class="narrative">
<p>“In Buenos Aires, to open businesses or industries, permission must be requested from the government, which will assess if the necessary health conditions are met for that activity to resume (…) Companies that wish to reopen must arrange transportation for their workers to the workplace.<span class="citation" data-cites="cuarentenamayo">[<a href="#ref-cuarentenamayo" role="doc-biblioref">7</a>]</span>”</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sticky-col">
<div class="sticky-col-stack">
<div id="cr-obelisco" class="sticky">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="img/buenosaires_pandemia.jpg" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption class="figure-caption"><span class="citation" data-cites="obelisco">[<a href="#ref-obelisco" role="doc-biblioref">8</a>]</span></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cr-section cr-column-screen sidebar-left">
<div class="narrative-col">
<div class="progress-block">
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-azul1">
<div class="narrative">
<p>If we move towards the first area of blue pixels, we will see it corresponds to what is known as Microcentro Porteño. Informally, Microcentro refers to an area characterized by the concentration of administrative and office buildings.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-pan-to="-20%,-30%" data-focus-on="cr-azul1" data-scale-by="2">
<div class="narrative">
<p>Microcentro is a very busy area but in the raster image we can see that during isolation experienced reduced activity</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sticky-col">
<div class="sticky-col-stack">
<div id="cr-azul1" class="sticky">
<p><img src="img/area_azul1.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cr-section cr-column-screen overlay-center">
<div class="narrative-col">
<div class="progress-block">
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-aero">
<div class="narrative">
<p><strong>Fragment from a News Article</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-aero">
<div class="narrative">
<p>“For the second consecutive month, air transportation in Argentina recorded historic lows in passenger traffic due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting restrictions on interjurisdictional movement imposed by the national government.<span class="citation" data-cites="aviacionline2020">[<a href="#ref-aviacionline2020" role="doc-biblioref">9</a>]</span>”</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-aero">
<div class="narrative">
<p>“A total of just 21,232 passengers traveled, with 5,515 on domestic flights and 15,717 on international flights, according to preliminary data from the monthly report prepared by the National Civil Aviation Administration<span class="citation" data-cites="aviacionline2020">[<a href="#ref-aviacionline2020" role="doc-biblioref">9</a>]</span>”.</p>
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<div id="cr-aero" class="sticky">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="img/aeropuerto.jpg" class="img-fluid figure-img" style="width:100.0%"></p>
<figcaption class="figure-caption"><span class="citation" data-cites="aeropuerto">[<a href="#ref-aeropuerto" role="doc-biblioref">10</a>]</span></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cr-section cr-column-screen sidebar-left">
<div class="narrative-col">
<div class="progress-block">
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-azul2">
<div class="narrative">
<p>The second area with the highest density of blue pixels observed in the first image corresponds to Ministro Pistarini International Airport.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-pan-to="40%,-20%" data-focus-on="cr-azul2" data-scale-by="2">
<div class="narrative">
<p>Again, in the raster image, a marked decrease in mobility in this area can be observed.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sticky-col">
<div class="sticky-col-stack">
<div id="cr-azul2" class="sticky">
<p><img src="img/area_azul2.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
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</div>
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<div class="cr-section cr-column-screen overlay-center">
<div class="narrative-col">
<div class="progress-block">
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-ventanas">
<div class="narrative">
<p><strong>President’s Speech (fragment)</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-ventanas">
<div class="narrative">
<p>“I ask my fellow residents of Buenos Aires City and the neighboring province to remember that this area carries the highest risk of the pandemic, and that’s why we must be extra cautious. We cannot go out without a reason.<span class="citation" data-cites="cuarentenamayo">[<a href="#ref-cuarentenamayo" role="doc-biblioref">7</a>]</span>”</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-ventanas">
<div class="narrative">
<p>“We are the ones seeking out the virus; it doesn’t come looking for us in our homes. The more we move around, the higher the risk becomes.<span class="citation" data-cites="cuarentenamayo">[<a href="#ref-cuarentenamayo" role="doc-biblioref">7</a>]</span>”</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-ventanas">
<div class="narrative">
<p>“Interjurisdictional transportation (the movement of people between cities) remains prohibited, except for essential workers<span class="citation" data-cites="cuarentenamayo">[<a href="#ref-cuarentenamayo" role="doc-biblioref">7</a>]</span>”.</p>
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<div class="sticky-col">
<div class="sticky-col-stack">
<div id="cr-ventanas" class="sticky">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
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<figcaption class="figure-caption"><span class="citation" data-cites="ventanas">[<a href="#ref-ventanas" role="doc-biblioref">11</a>]</span></figcaption>
</figure>
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<div class="cr-section cr-column-screen sidebar-left">
<div class="narrative-col">
<div class="progress-block">
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-naranja">
<div class="narrative">
<p>Finally, most of the areas shaded in orange represent an increase in human mobility compared to baseline values.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="trigger new-trigger" data-focus-on="cr-naranja">
<div class="narrative">
<p>This could indicate that people are moving within their local regions, or staying at home</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sticky-col">
<div class="sticky-col-stack">
<div id="cr-naranja" class="sticky">
<p><img src="img/amba_raster.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
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<section id="to-be-continued" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="to-be-continued">To be continued…</h3>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="references" class="level1 unnumbered">
</section>
<div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" role="doc-bibliography"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">References</h2><div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body" role="list">
<div id="ref-subte" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
<div class="csl-left-margin">1. </div><div class="csl-right-inline">Goddard_Photography (2017) <a href="https://[InsertStockPhotoWebsiteHere]">Stock photo ID: 692084806</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ref-mujer_celular" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
<div class="csl-left-margin">2. </div><div class="csl-right-inline">Jacobi A (2021) <a href="https://[InsertStockPhotoWebsiteHere]">Stock photo ID: 1318915599</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ref-quadkeyr" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
<div class="csl-left-margin">3. </div><div class="csl-right-inline">D’Andrea F, Fernandez P (2024) Quadkeyr: Tools for converting QuadKey-identified datasets (microsoft’s bing maps tile system) into raster images and analyzing meta (facebook) mobility data. Journal of Open Source Software 9(95):6500</div>
</div>
<div id="ref-argentina_amba" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
<div class="csl-left-margin">4. </div><div class="csl-right-inline">Argentina Government (n.d.) Área metropolitana de buenos aires (AMBA)</div>
</div>
<div id="ref-ramirez2022" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
<div class="csl-left-margin">5. </div><div class="csl-right-inline">Ramı́rez ML, Martinez SM, Valle Bessone C del, Allemandi DA, Quinteros DA (2022) COVID-19: Epidemiological situation of argentina and its neighbor countries after three months of pandemic. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness 16(5):1935–1941</div>
</div>
<div id="ref-covid" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
<div class="csl-left-margin">6. </div><div class="csl-right-inline">Kızılkaya E (2020) Stock photo ID: 1247272494</div>
</div>
<div id="ref-cuarentenamayo" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
<div class="csl-left-margin">7. </div><div class="csl-right-inline">Ministerio de Salud RA (2020) <a href="https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/alberto-fernandez-extiende-la-cuarentena-hasta-el-24-de-mayo">Alberto fernández extiende la cuarentena hasta el 24 de mayo</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ref-obelisco" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
<div class="csl-left-margin">8. </div><div class="csl-right-inline">Kitayama E (2020) <a href="https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/argentina-gm1213960638-1213960638">Stock photo ID: 1213960638</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ref-aviacionline2020" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
<div class="csl-left-margin">9. </div><div class="csl-right-inline">Aviación OnLine (2020) Durante mayo, el transporte aéreo movilizó apenas 21 mil pasajeros. <a href="https://www.aviacionline.com/argentina-durante-mayo-el-transporte-aereo-movilizo-apenas-21-mil-pasajeros">https://www.aviacionline.com/argentina-durante-mayo-el-transporte-aereo-movilizo-apenas-21-mil-pasajeros</a></div>
</div>
<div id="ref-aeropuerto" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
<div class="csl-left-margin">10. </div><div class="csl-right-inline">Strelkov S (2023) Stock photo ID: 1770098439</div>
</div>
<div id="ref-ventanas" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
<div class="csl-left-margin">11. </div><div class="csl-right-inline">Kitayama E (2020) Stock photo ID: 1214814959</div>
</div>
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