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- Finance (3) - Blockchain (2) - Consensus (2) - Ethereum (1) - [Guide] `Ethernaut` on local
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Ethernaut.md

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https://ethernaut.openzeppelin.com/
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https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/ethernaut
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# Guide
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- [로컬에서-시작하는-Ethernaut](https://velog.io/@oomia/%EB%A1%9C%EC%BB%AC%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C-%EC%8B%9C%EC%9E%91%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94-Ethernaut)

README.md

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sh <(curl -s "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/ooMia/afbae4f3249609e0bf17e4b6c7baa696/raw/ada8812c56d056dc15f71fc6973bdf501ea0a6f0/get_github_avatar.sh")
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```
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| Option #1: GitHub-Profile <br/> oomia | Option #2: Local-Profile <br/> mia |
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| :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
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| [<img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/96914905" height=150 width=150> <br/> @GitHub-Nickname](https://github.com/GitHub-Nickname) | [<img src="./embed/profile/nse-5354155414388309291-1000000474_1719950399348.png" height=150 width=150> <br/> @oomia](https://github.com/oomia) |
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|mia|
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| :-: |
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| [<img src="./embed/profile/mia.png" height=150 width=150> <br/> @oomia](https://github.com/oomia) |
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<br>
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concepts/Beacon Chain.md

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gossiping and executing transactions, and managing Ethereum's state
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하는 데, 통신을 위해 Engine API를 사용한다고 한다.
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## Engine API
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https://hackmd.io/@danielrachi/engine_api

concepts/Blockchain/Block.md

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# Block _(in Blockchain)_
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| | |
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| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| a permanently recorded file at Bitcoin containing information on occurred transactions. Block is the record of the every recent transaction or its part that has not been recorded in the previous blocks. Practically in all cases blocks are added to the end of the chain, which contains all transactions and is called blockchain. When a block is added to the end of the chain, it cannot be changed. Each block contains information about everything that happened in previous blocks before it was created. | [https://bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/block](https://bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/block) |
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| One or more transactions prefaced by a block header and protected by proof of work. Blocks are the data stored on the block chain. | |
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| [https://developer.bitcoin.org/glossary.html#term-Block](https://developer.bitcoin.org/glossary.html#term-Block) | |
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| Blocks are batches of transactions with a hash of the previous block in the chain. This links blocks together (in a chain) because hashes are cryptographically derived from the block data. This prevents fraud, because one change in any block in history would invalidate all the following blocks as all subsequent hashes would change and everyone running the blockchain would notice. | [https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/blocks/](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/blocks/) |
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| New blocks are added to Ethereum every 12 seconds (unless a block proposer misses its turn), so a near-constant stream of data gets added to block explorers. Blocks contain a lot of important data that you may find useful: | |
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[https://bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/block](https://bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/block)
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Standard data
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a permanently recorded file at Bitcoin containing information on occurred transactions. Block is the record of the every recent transaction or its part that has not been recorded in the previous blocks. Practically in all cases blocks are added to the end of the chain, which contains all transactions and is called blockchain. When a block is added to the end of the chain, it cannot be changed. Each block contains information about everything that happened in previous blocks before it was created.
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Block height - The block number and length of the blockchain (in blocks) on creation of the current block Timestamp - The time at which a block was proposed Transactions - The number of transactions included within the block Fee recipient - The address that received gas fee tips from transactions Block Reward - The amount of ETH awarded to the validator who proposed the block Size - The size of the data within the block (measured in bytes) Gas used - The total units of gas used by the transactions in the block Gas limit - The total gas limits set by the transactions in the block Base fee per gas - The minimum multiplier required for a transaction to be included in a block Burnt fees - How much ETH is burned in the block Extra data - Any extra data the miner has included in the block
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---
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Advanced data
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[https://developer.bitcoin.org/glossary.html#term-Block](https://developer.bitcoin.org/glossary.html#term-Block)
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Hash - The cryptographic hash that represents the block header (the unique identifier of the block) Parent hash - The hash of the block that came before the current block StateRoot - The root hash of Merkle trie which stores the entire state of the system | [https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/data-and-analytics/block-explorers/#execution-data](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/data-and-analytics/block-explorers/#execution-data) |
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One or more transactions prefaced by a block header and protected by proof of work. Blocks are the data stored on the block chain.
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---
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[https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/blocks/](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/blocks/)
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Blocks are batches of transactions with a hash of the previous block in the chain. This links blocks together (in a chain) because hashes are cryptographically derived from the block data. This prevents fraud, because one change in any block in history would invalidate all the following blocks as all subsequent hashes would change and everyone running the blockchain would notice.
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New blocks are added to Ethereum every 12 seconds (unless a block proposer misses its turn), so a near-constant stream of data gets added to block explorers.
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Blocks contain a lot of important data that you may find useful:
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### Standard data
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- Block height
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- The block number and length of the blockchain (in blocks) on creation of the current block
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- Timestamp
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- The time at which a block was proposed
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- Transactions
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- The number of transactions included within the block
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- Fee recipient
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- The address that received gas fee tips from transactions
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- Block Reward
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- The amount of ETH awarded to the validator who proposed the block
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- Size
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- The size of the data within the block (measured in bytes)
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- Gas used
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- The total units of gas used by the transactions in the block
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- Gas limit
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- The total gas limits set by the transactions in the block
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- Base fee per gas
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- The minimum multiplier required for a transaction to be included in a block
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- Burnt fees
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- How much ETH is burned in the block
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- Extra data
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- Any extra data the miner has included in the block
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### Advanced data
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- Hash
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- The cryptographic hash that represents the block header (the unique identifier of the block)
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- Parent hash
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- The hash of the block that came before the current block
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- StateRoot
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- The root hash of Merkle trie which stores the entire state of the system
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[https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/data-and-analytics/block-explorers/#execution-data](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/data-and-analytics/block-explorers/#execution-data) |
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## See also
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concepts/Blockchain/Blockchain.md

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# ⛓️ Blockchain
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| a public database that is updated and shared across many computers in a network | [https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/intro-to-ethereum/#what-is-a-blockchain](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/intro-to-ethereum/#what-is-a-blockchain) |
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| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| A database of transactions, duplicated and shared on all computers in the network, ensuring data cannot be altered retroactively. | [https://ethereum.org/en/glossary/#blockchain](https://ethereum.org/en/glossary/#blockchain) |
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| A blockchain is a database of transactions that is updated and shared across many computers in a network. Every time a new set of transactions is added, its called a “block” - hence the name blockchain. Public blockchains like Ethereum allow anyone to add, but not remove, data. If someone wanted to alter any of the information or cheat the system, they’d need to do so on the majority of computers on the network. That is a lot! This makes decentralized blockchains like Ethereum highly secure. | [https://ethereum.org/en/what-is-ethereum/](https://ethereum.org/en/what-is-ethereum/) |
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| a cryptographically secured, time-stamped, public and distributed database of every [https://bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/bitcoin](https://bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/bitcoin) [https://bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/transaction](https://bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/transaction) that has ever occurred on the network. | |
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- a public database that is updated and shared across many computers in a network
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- [intro-to-ethereum/#what-is-a-blockchain](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/intro-to-ethereum/#what-is-a-blockchain)
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- A database of transactions, duplicated and shared on all computers in the network, ensuring data cannot be altered retroactively.
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- [glossary/#blockchain](https://ethereum.org/en/glossary/#blockchain)
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A blockchain is a database of transactions that is updated and shared across many computers in a network. Every time a new set of transactions is added, its called a “block” - hence the name blockchain. Public blockchains like Ethereum allow anyone to add, but not remove, data. If someone wanted to alter any of the information or cheat the system, they’d need to do so on the majority of computers on the network. That is a lot! This makes decentralized blockchains like Ethereum highly secure.
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[https://ethereum.org/en/what-is-ethereum/](https://ethereum.org/en/what-is-ethereum/)
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a cryptographically secured, time-stamped, public and distributed database of every
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[[transaction]] that has ever occurred on the network.
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“Distributed” here means that the information in the blockchain is broadcast to and recorded by every node in the network. There is no one central database. Any user can refer to this list of transactions and check exactly what how many bitcoins have ever belonged to any specific [https://bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/bitcoin-address](https://bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/bitcoin-address) at any point in time. This way the system is transparent, double-spending is prevented, and there is no need for a trusted central authority.
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- An electronic device, online service, or software program that allows one party to make electronic transactions with another party bartering digital currency units for goods and services.
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| A digital wallet, also known as an e-wallet or mobile wallet, is an electronic device, online service, or software program that allows one party to make electronic transactions with another party bartering digital currency units for goods and services.
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- A digital wallet, also known as an e-wallet or mobile wallet, is an electronic device, online service, or software program that allows one party to make electronic transactions with another party bartering digital currency units for goods and services.
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_wallet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_wallet)
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| Money can be deposited in the digital wallet prior to any transactions or, in other cases, an individual's bank account can be linked to the digital wallet. | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_wallet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_wallet) |
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- Money can be deposited in the digital wallet prior to any transactions or, in other cases, an individual's bank account can be linked to the digital wallet.
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## Network
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| A distributed ledger (also called a shared ledger or distributed ledger technology or DLT) is a system whereby replicated, shared, and synchronized digital data is geographically spread (distributed) across many sites, countries, or institutions.
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| In contrast to a centralized database, a distributed ledger does not require a central administrator, and consequently does not have a single (central) point-of-failure. | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_ledger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_ledger) |
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_ledger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_ledger)
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In contrast to a centralized database, a distributed ledger does not require a central administrator, and consequently does not have a single (central) point-of-failure.
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Youtube
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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJae_agpt9S3qwWNED0KHcQ
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https://ethereum.org/en/glossary/#blockchain
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https://bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/blockchain
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- 탈중앙화를 지향하는 공개 분산 원장 시스템
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- ‘FLP Impossibility’ 이슈로 모든 구현체는 Safety(결정론적 동작; 합의 결과 불변) 또는 Liveness(비동기적 동작; 발생된 모든 상태 변화의 유한 시간 내 합의) 중 일부를 희생한 구조를
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갖는다.

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