Check in CMake if the compiler supports the minimum required C++ stan… #6353

Job	Run time
clang-format	17s
linux_clang-14_cuda-11.2_debug_analysis	19m 51s
windows_cl-2022_debug_analysis	2h 34m 49s
macos_xcode-14.2_debug_analysis	25m 54s
linux_gcc-12_debug_analysis	21m 6s
macos_xcode-14.2_release	27m 26s
macos_xcode-14.3.1_debug	23m 18s
windows_cl-2022_release	2h 32m 6s
windows_cl-2022_debug	2h 29m 16s
linux_gcc-11_debug	20m 23s
linux_gcc-12_release_c++20	20m 24s
linux_gcc-13_debug	21m 23s
linux_clang-13_release	19m 17s
linux_clang-14_release	24m 9s
linux_clang-15_debug	14m 37s
linux_clang-16_debug_ubsan	18m 4s
linux_clang-16_debug_tsan	16m 17s
	12h 8m 37s

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