utf8.h

// The latest version of this library is available on GitHub;
// https://github.com/sheredom/utf8.h

// This is free and unencumbered software released into the public domain.
//
// Anyone is free to copy, modify, publish, use, compile, sell, or
// distribute this software, either in source code form or as a compiled
// binary, for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial, and by any
// means.
//
// In jurisdictions that recognize copyright laws, the author or authors
// of this software dedicate any and all copyright interest in the
// software to the public domain. We make this dedication for the benefit
// of the public at large and to the detriment of our heirs and
// successors. We intend this dedication to be an overt act of
// relinquishment in perpetuity of all present and future rights to this
// software under copyright law.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
// IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
// OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
// ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
// OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
//
// For more information, please refer to <http://unlicense.org/>

#ifndef SHEREDOM_UTF8_H_INCLUDED
#define SHEREDOM_UTF8_H_INCLUDED

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#pragma warning(push)

// disable 'bytes padding added after construct' warning
#pragma warning(disable : 4820)
#endif

#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#pragma warning(pop)
#endif

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
typedef __int32 utf8_int32_t;
#else
#include <stdint.h>
typedef int32_t utf8_int32_t;
#endif

#if defined(__clang__)
#pragma clang diagnostic push
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wold-style-cast"
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wcast-qual"
#endif

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

#if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__)
#define utf8_nonnull __attribute__((nonnull))
#define utf8_pure __attribute__((pure))
#define utf8_restrict __restrict__
#define utf8_weak __attribute__((weak))
#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
#define utf8_nonnull
#define utf8_pure
#define utf8_restrict __restrict
#define utf8_weak __inline
#else
#error Non clang, non gcc, non MSVC compiler found!
#endif

#ifdef __cplusplus
#define utf8_null NULL
#else
#define utf8_null 0
#endif

// Return less than 0, 0, greater than 0 if src1 < src2, src1 == src2, src1 >
// src2 respectively, case insensitive.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak int utf8casecmp(const void *src1,
                                                 const void *src2);

// Append the utf8 string src onto the utf8 string dst.
utf8_nonnull utf8_weak void *utf8cat(void *utf8_restrict dst,
                                     const void *utf8_restrict src);

// Find the first match of the utf8 codepoint chr in the utf8 string src.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak void *utf8chr(const void *src,
                                               utf8_int32_t chr);

// Return less than 0, 0, greater than 0 if src1 < src2,
// src1 == src2, src1 > src2 respectively.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak int utf8cmp(const void *src1,
                                             const void *src2);

// Copy the utf8 string src onto the memory allocated in dst.
utf8_nonnull utf8_weak void *utf8cpy(void *utf8_restrict dst,
                                     const void *utf8_restrict src);

// Number of utf8 codepoints in the utf8 string src that consists entirely
// of utf8 codepoints not from the utf8 string reject.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak size_t utf8cspn(const void *src,
                                                 const void *reject);

// Duplicate the utf8 string src by getting its size, malloc'ing a new buffer
// copying over the data, and returning that. Or 0 if malloc failed.
utf8_nonnull utf8_weak void *utf8dup(const void *src);

// Number of utf8 codepoints in the utf8 string str,
// excluding the null terminating byte.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak size_t utf8len(const void *str);

// Return less than 0, 0, greater than 0 if src1 < src2, src1 == src2, src1 >
// src2 respectively, case insensitive. Checking at most n bytes of each utf8
// string.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak int utf8ncasecmp(const void *src1,
                                                  const void *src2, size_t n);

// Append the utf8 string src onto the utf8 string dst,
// writing at most n+1 bytes. Can produce an invalid utf8
// string if n falls partway through a utf8 codepoint.
utf8_nonnull utf8_weak void *utf8ncat(void *utf8_restrict dst,
                                      const void *utf8_restrict src, size_t n);

// Return less than 0, 0, greater than 0 if src1 < src2,
// src1 == src2, src1 > src2 respectively. Checking at most n
// bytes of each utf8 string.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak int utf8ncmp(const void *src1,
                                              const void *src2, size_t n);

// Copy the utf8 string src onto the memory allocated in dst.
// Copies at most n bytes. If there is no terminating null byte in
// the first n bytes of src, the string placed into dst will not be
// null-terminated. If the size (in bytes) of src is less than n,
// extra null terminating bytes are appended to dst such that at
// total of n bytes are written. Can produce an invalid utf8
// string if n falls partway through a utf8 codepoint.
utf8_nonnull utf8_weak void *utf8ncpy(void *utf8_restrict dst,
                                      const void *utf8_restrict src, size_t n);

// Similar to utf8dup, except that at most n bytes of src are copied. If src is
// longer than n, only n bytes are copied and a null byte is added.
//
// Returns a new string if successful, 0 otherwise
utf8_nonnull utf8_weak void *utf8ndup(const void *src, size_t n);

// Locates the first occurrence in the utf8 string str of any byte in the
// utf8 string accept, or 0 if no match was found.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak void *utf8pbrk(const void *str,
                                                const void *accept);

// Find the last match of the utf8 codepoint chr in the utf8 string src.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak void *utf8rchr(const void *src, int chr);

// Number of bytes in the utf8 string str,
// including the null terminating byte.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak size_t utf8size(const void *str);

// Number of utf8 codepoints in the utf8 string src that consists entirely
// of utf8 codepoints from the utf8 string accept.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak size_t utf8spn(const void *src,
                                                const void *accept);

// The position of the utf8 string needle in the utf8 string haystack.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak void *utf8str(const void *haystack,
                                               const void *needle);

// The position of the utf8 string needle in the utf8 string haystack, case
// insensitive.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak void *utf8casestr(const void *haystack,
                                                   const void *needle);

// Return 0 on success, or the position of the invalid
// utf8 codepoint on failure.
utf8_nonnull utf8_pure utf8_weak void *utf8valid(const void *str);

// Sets out_codepoint to the next utf8 codepoint in str, and returns the address
// of the utf8 codepoint after the current one in str.
utf8_nonnull utf8_weak void *
utf8codepoint(const void *utf8_restrict str,
              utf8_int32_t *utf8_restrict out_codepoint);
			  
// Calculates the size of the next utf8 codepoint in str.
utf8_nonnull utf8_weak size_t utf8codepointcalcsize( const void* utf8_restrict str );			  

// Returns the size of the given codepoint in bytes.
utf8_weak size_t utf8codepointsize(utf8_int32_t chr);

// Write a codepoint to the given string, and return the address to the next
// place after the written codepoint. Pass how many bytes left in the buffer to
// n. If there is not enough space for the codepoint, this function returns
// null.
utf8_nonnull utf8_weak void *utf8catcodepoint(void *utf8_restrict str,
                                              utf8_int32_t chr, size_t n);

// Returns 1 if the given character is lowercase, or 0 if it is not.
utf8_weak int utf8islower(utf8_int32_t chr);

// Returns 1 if the given character is uppercase, or 0 if it is not.
utf8_weak int utf8isupper(utf8_int32_t chr);

// Transform the given string into all lowercase codepoints.
utf8_nonnull utf8_weak void utf8lwr(void *utf8_restrict str);

// Transform the given string into all uppercase codepoints.
utf8_nonnull utf8_weak void utf8upr(void *utf8_restrict str);

// Make a codepoint lower case if possible.
utf8_weak utf8_int32_t utf8lwrcodepoint(utf8_int32_t cp);

// Make a codepoint upper case if possible.
utf8_weak utf8_int32_t utf8uprcodepoint(utf8_int32_t cp);

#undef utf8_weak
#undef utf8_pure
#undef utf8_nonnull

int utf8casecmp(const void *src1, const void *src2) {
  utf8_int32_t src1_cp, src2_cp, src1_orig_cp, src2_orig_cp;

  for (;;) {
    src1 = utf8codepoint(src1, &src1_cp);
    src2 = utf8codepoint(src2, &src2_cp);

    // take a copy of src1 & src2
    src1_orig_cp = src1_cp;
    src2_orig_cp = src2_cp;

    // lower the srcs if required
    src1_cp = utf8lwrcodepoint(src1_cp);
    src2_cp = utf8lwrcodepoint(src2_cp);

    // check if the lowered codepoints match
    if ((0 == src1_orig_cp) && (0 == src2_orig_cp)) {
      return 0;
    } else if (src1_cp == src2_cp) {
      continue;
    }

    // if they don't match, then we return the difference between the characters
    return src1_cp - src2_cp;
  }
}

void *utf8cat(void *utf8_restrict dst, const void *utf8_restrict src) {
  char *d = (char *)dst;
  const char *s = (const char *)src;

  // find the null terminating byte in dst
  while ('\0' != *d) {
    d++;
  }

  // overwriting the null terminating byte in dst, append src byte-by-byte
  while ('\0' != *s) {
    *d++ = *s++;
  }

  // write out a new null terminating byte into dst
  *d = '\0';

  return dst;
}

void *utf8chr(const void *src, utf8_int32_t chr) {
  char c[5] = {'\0', '\0', '\0', '\0', '\0'};

  if (0 == chr) {
    // being asked to return position of null terminating byte, so
    // just run s to the end, and return!
    const char *s = (const char *)src;
    while ('\0' != *s) {
      s++;
    }
    return (void *)s;
  } else if (0 == ((utf8_int32_t)0xffffff80 & chr)) {
    // 1-byte/7-bit ascii
    // (0b0xxxxxxx)
    c[0] = (char)chr;
  } else if (0 == ((utf8_int32_t)0xfffff800 & chr)) {
    // 2-byte/11-bit utf8 code point
    // (0b110xxxxx 0b10xxxxxx)
    c[0] = 0xc0 | (char)(chr >> 6);
    c[1] = 0x80 | (char)(chr & 0x3f);
  } else if (0 == ((utf8_int32_t)0xffff0000 & chr)) {
    // 3-byte/16-bit utf8 code point
    // (0b1110xxxx 0b10xxxxxx 0b10xxxxxx)
    c[0] = 0xe0 | (char)(chr >> 12);
    c[1] = 0x80 | (char)((chr >> 6) & 0x3f);
    c[2] = 0x80 | (char)(chr & 0x3f);
  } else { // if (0 == ((int)0xffe00000 & chr)) {
    // 4-byte/21-bit utf8 code point
    // (0b11110xxx 0b10xxxxxx 0b10xxxxxx 0b10xxxxxx)
    c[0] = 0xf0 | (char)(chr >> 18);
    c[1] = 0x80 | (char)((chr >> 12) & 0x3f);
    c[2] = 0x80 | (char)((chr >> 6) & 0x3f);
    c[3] = 0x80 | (char)(chr & 0x3f);
  }

  // we've made c into a 2 utf8 codepoint string, one for the chr we are
  // seeking, another for the null terminating byte. Now use utf8str to
  // search
  return utf8str(src, c);
}

int utf8cmp(const void *src1, const void *src2) {
  const unsigned char *s1 = (const unsigned char *)src1;
  const unsigned char *s2 = (const unsigned char *)src2;

  while (('\0' != *s1) || ('\0' != *s2)) {
    if (*s1 < *s2) {
      return -1;
    } else if (*s1 > *s2) {
      return 1;
    }

    s1++;
    s2++;
  }

  // both utf8 strings matched
  return 0;
}

int utf8coll(const void *src1, const void *src2);

void *utf8cpy(void *utf8_restrict dst, const void *utf8_restrict src) {
  char *d = (char *)dst;
  const char *s = (const char *)src;

  // overwriting anything previously in dst, write byte-by-byte
  // from src
  while ('\0' != *s) {
    *d++ = *s++;
  }

  // append null terminating byte
  *d = '\0';

  return dst;
}

size_t utf8cspn(const void *src, const void *reject) {
  const char *s = (const char *)src;
  size_t chars = 0;

  while ('\0' != *s) {
    const char *r = (const char *)reject;
    size_t offset = 0;

    while ('\0' != *r) {
      // checking that if *r is the start of a utf8 codepoint
      // (it is not 0b10xxxxxx) and we have successfully matched
      // a previous character (0 < offset) - we found a match
      if ((0x80 != (0xc0 & *r)) && (0 < offset)) {
        return chars;
      } else {
        if (*r == s[offset]) {
          // part of a utf8 codepoint matched, so move our checking
          // onwards to the next byte
          offset++;
          r++;
        } else {
          // r could be in the middle of an unmatching utf8 code point,
          // so we need to march it on to the next character beginning,

          do {
            r++;
          } while (0x80 == (0xc0 & *r));

          // reset offset too as we found a mismatch
          offset = 0;
        }
      }
    }

    // found a match at the end of *r, so didn't get a chance to test it
    if (0 < offset) {
        return chars;
    } 

    // the current utf8 codepoint in src did not match reject, but src
    // could have been partway through a utf8 codepoint, so we need to
    // march it onto the next utf8 codepoint starting byte
    do {
      s++;
    } while ((0x80 == (0xc0 & *s)));
    chars++;
  }

  return chars;
}

void *utf8dup(const void *src) {
  const char *s = (const char *)src;
  char *n = utf8_null;

  // figure out how many bytes (including the terminator) we need to copy first
  size_t bytes = utf8size(src);

  n = (char *)malloc(bytes);

  if (utf8_null == n) {
    // out of memory so we bail
    return utf8_null;
  } else {
    bytes = 0;

    // copy src byte-by-byte into our new utf8 string
    while ('\0' != s[bytes]) {
      n[bytes] = s[bytes];
      bytes++;
    }

    // append null terminating byte
    n[bytes] = '\0';
    return n;
  }
}

void *utf8fry(const void *str);

size_t utf8len(const void *str) {
  const unsigned char *s = (const unsigned char *)str;
  size_t length = 0;

  while ('\0' != *s) {
    if (0xf0 == (0xf8 & *s)) {
      // 4-byte utf8 code point (began with 0b11110xxx)
      s += 4;
    } else if (0xe0 == (0xf0 & *s)) {
      // 3-byte utf8 code point (began with 0b1110xxxx)
      s += 3;
    } else if (0xc0 == (0xe0 & *s)) {
      // 2-byte utf8 code point (began with 0b110xxxxx)
      s += 2;
    } else { // if (0x00 == (0x80 & *s)) {
      // 1-byte ascii (began with 0b0xxxxxxx)
      s += 1;
    }

    // no matter the bytes we marched s forward by, it was
    // only 1 utf8 codepoint
    length++;
  }

  return length;
}

int utf8ncasecmp(const void *src1, const void *src2, size_t n) {
  utf8_int32_t src1_cp, src2_cp, src1_orig_cp, src2_orig_cp;

  do {
    const unsigned char *const s1 = (const unsigned char *)src1;
    const unsigned char *const s2 = (const unsigned char *)src2;

    // first check that we have enough bytes left in n to contain an entire
    // codepoint
    if (0 == n) {
      return 0;
    }

    if ((1 == n) && ((0xc0 == (0xe0 & *s1)) || (0xc0 == (0xe0 & *s2)))) {
      const utf8_int32_t c1 = (0xe0 & *s1);
      const utf8_int32_t c2 = (0xe0 & *s2);

      if (c1 < c2) {
        return c1 - c2;
      } else {
        return 0;
      }
    }

    if ((2 >= n) && ((0xe0 == (0xf0 & *s1)) || (0xe0 == (0xf0 & *s2)))) {
      const utf8_int32_t c1 = (0xf0 & *s1);
      const utf8_int32_t c2 = (0xf0 & *s2);

      if (c1 < c2) {
        return c1 - c2;
      } else {
        return 0;
      }
    }

    if ((3 >= n) && ((0xf0 == (0xf8 & *s1)) || (0xf0 == (0xf8 & *s2)))) {
      const utf8_int32_t c1 = (0xf8 & *s1);
      const utf8_int32_t c2 = (0xf8 & *s2);

      if (c1 < c2) {
        return c1 - c2;
      } else {
        return 0;
      }
    }

    src1 = utf8codepoint(src1, &src1_cp);
    src2 = utf8codepoint(src2, &src2_cp);
    n -= utf8codepointsize(src1_cp);

    // Take a copy of src1 & src2
    src1_orig_cp = src1_cp;
    src2_orig_cp = src2_cp;

    // Lower srcs if required
    src1_cp = utf8lwrcodepoint(src1_cp);
    src2_cp = utf8lwrcodepoint(src2_cp);

    // Check if the lowered codepoints match
    if ((0 == src1_orig_cp) && (0 == src2_orig_cp)) {
      return 0;
    } else if (src1_cp == src2_cp) {
      continue;
    }

    // if they don't match, then we return the difference between the characters
    if (src1_orig_cp != src2_orig_cp) {
      return src1_cp - src2_cp;
    }
  } while (0 < n);

  // both utf8 strings matched
  return 0;
}

void *utf8ncat(void *utf8_restrict dst, const void *utf8_restrict src,
               size_t n) {
  char *d = (char *)dst;
  const char *s = (const char *)src;

  // find the null terminating byte in dst
  while ('\0' != *d) {
    d++;
  }

  // overwriting the null terminating byte in dst, append src byte-by-byte
  // stopping if we run out of space
  do {
    *d++ = *s++;
  } while (('\0' != *s) && (0 != --n));

  // write out a new null terminating byte into dst
  *d = '\0';

  return dst;
}

int utf8ncmp(const void *src1, const void *src2, size_t n) {
  const unsigned char *s1 = (const unsigned char *)src1;
  const unsigned char *s2 = (const unsigned char *)src2;

  while ((0 != n--) && (('\0' != *s1) || ('\0' != *s2))) {
    if (*s1 < *s2) {
      return -1;
    } else if (*s1 > *s2) {
      return 1;
    }

    s1++;
    s2++;
  }

  // both utf8 strings matched
  return 0;
}

void *utf8ncpy(void *utf8_restrict dst, const void *utf8_restrict src,
               size_t n) {
  char *d = (char *)dst;
  const char *s = (const char *)src;
  size_t index;

  // overwriting anything previously in dst, write byte-by-byte
  // from src
  for (index = 0; index < n; index++) {
    d[index] = s[index];
    if ('\0' == s[index]) {
      break;
    }
  }

  // append null terminating byte
  for (; index < n; index++) {
    d[index] = 0;
  }

  return dst;
}

void *utf8ndup(const void *src, size_t n) {
  const char *s = (const char *)src;
  char *c = utf8_null;
  size_t bytes = 0;

  // Find the end of the string or stop when n is reached
  while ('\0' != s[bytes] && bytes < n) {
    bytes++;
  }

  // In case bytes is actually less than n, we need to set it
  // to be used later in the copy byte by byte.
  n = bytes;

  c = (char *)malloc(bytes + 1);
  if (utf8_null == c) {
    // out of memory so we bail
    return utf8_null;
  }

  bytes = 0;

  // copy src byte-by-byte into our new utf8 string
  while ('\0' != s[bytes] && bytes < n) {
    c[bytes] = s[bytes];
    bytes++;
  }

  // append null terminating byte
  c[bytes] = '\0';
  return c;
}

void *utf8rchr(const void *src, int chr) {
  const char *s = (const char *)src;
  const char *match = utf8_null;
  char c[5] = {'\0', '\0', '\0', '\0', '\0'};

  if (0 == chr) {
    // being asked to return position of null terminating byte, so
    // just run s to the end, and return!
    while ('\0' != *s) {
      s++;
    }
    return (void *)s;
  } else if (0 == ((int)0xffffff80 & chr)) {
    // 1-byte/7-bit ascii
    // (0b0xxxxxxx)
    c[0] = (char)chr;
  } else if (0 == ((int)0xfffff800 & chr)) {
    // 2-byte/11-bit utf8 code point
    // (0b110xxxxx 0b10xxxxxx)
    c[0] = 0xc0 | (char)(chr >> 6);
    c[1] = 0x80 | (char)(chr & 0x3f);
  } else if (0 == ((int)0xffff0000 & chr)) {
    // 3-byte/16-bit utf8 code point
    // (0b1110xxxx 0b10xxxxxx 0b10xxxxxx)
    c[0] = 0xe0 | (char)(chr >> 12);
    c[1] = 0x80 | (char)((chr >> 6) & 0x3f);
    c[2] = 0x80 | (char)(chr & 0x3f);
  } else { // if (0 == ((int)0xffe00000 & chr)) {
    // 4-byte/21-bit utf8 code point
    // (0b11110xxx 0b10xxxxxx 0b10xxxxxx 0b10xxxxxx)
    c[0] = 0xf0 | (char)(chr >> 18);
    c[1] = 0x80 | (char)((chr >> 12) & 0x3f);
    c[2] = 0x80 | (char)((chr >> 6) & 0x3f);
    c[3] = 0x80 | (char)(chr & 0x3f);
  }

  // we've created a 2 utf8 codepoint string in c that is
  // the utf8 character asked for by chr, and a null
  // terminating byte

  while ('\0' != *s) {
    size_t offset = 0;

    while (s[offset] == c[offset]) {
      offset++;
    }

    if ('\0' == c[offset]) {
      // we found a matching utf8 code point
      match = s;
      s += offset;
    } else {
      s += offset;

      // need to march s along to next utf8 codepoint start
      // (the next byte that doesn't match 0b10xxxxxx)
      if ('\0' != *s) {
        do {
          s++;
        } while (0x80 == (0xc0 & *s));
      }
    }
  }

  // return the last match we found (or 0 if no match was found)
  return (void *)match;
}

void *utf8pbrk(const void *str, const void *accept) {
  const char *s = (const char *)str;

  while ('\0' != *s) {
    const char *a = (const char *)accept;
    size_t offset = 0;

    while ('\0' != *a) {
      // checking that if *a is the start of a utf8 codepoint
      // (it is not 0b10xxxxxx) and we have successfully matched
      // a previous character (0 < offset) - we found a match
      if ((0x80 != (0xc0 & *a)) && (0 < offset)) {
        return (void *)s;
      } else {
        if (*a == s[offset]) {
          // part of a utf8 codepoint matched, so move our checking
          // onwards to the next byte
          offset++;
          a++;
        } else {
          // r could be in the middle of an unmatching utf8 code point,
          // so we need to march it on to the next character beginning,

          do {
            a++;
          } while (0x80 == (0xc0 & *a));

          // reset offset too as we found a mismatch
          offset = 0;
        }
      }
    }

    // we found a match on the last utf8 codepoint
    if (0 < offset) {
      return (void *)s;
    }

    // the current utf8 codepoint in src did not match accept, but src
    // could have been partway through a utf8 codepoint, so we need to
    // march it onto the next utf8 codepoint starting byte
    do {
      s++;
    } while ((0x80 == (0xc0 & *s)));
  }

  return utf8_null;
}

size_t utf8size(const void *str) {
  const char *s = (const char *)str;
  size_t size = 0;
  while ('\0' != s[size]) {
    size++;
  }

  // we are including the null terminating byte in the size calculation
  size++;
  return size;
}

size_t utf8spn(const void *src, const void *accept) {
  const char *s = (const char *)src;
  size_t chars = 0;

  while ('\0' != *s) {
    const char *a = (const char *)accept;
    size_t offset = 0;

    while ('\0' != *a) {
      // checking that if *r is the start of a utf8 codepoint
      // (it is not 0b10xxxxxx) and we have successfully matched
      // a previous character (0 < offset) - we found a match
      if ((0x80 != (0xc0 & *a)) && (0 < offset)) {
        // found a match, so increment the number of utf8 codepoints
        // that have matched and stop checking whether any other utf8
        // codepoints in a match
        chars++;
        s += offset;
        offset = 0;
        break;
      } else {
        if (*a == s[offset]) {
          offset++;
          a++;
        } else {
          // a could be in the middle of an unmatching utf8 codepoint,
          // so we need to march it on to the next character beginning,
          do {
            a++;
          } while (0x80 == (0xc0 & *a));

          // reset offset too as we found a mismatch
          offset = 0;
        }
      }
    }

    // found a match at the end of *a, so didn't get a chance to test it
    if (0 < offset) {
        chars++;
        s += offset;
        continue;
    }

    // if a got to its terminating null byte, then we didn't find a match.
    // Return the current number of matched utf8 codepoints
    if ('\0' == *a) {
      return chars;
    }
  }

  return chars;
}

void *utf8str(const void *haystack, const void *needle) {
  const char *h = (const char *)haystack;
  utf8_int32_t throwaway_codepoint;

  // if needle has no utf8 codepoints before the null terminating
  // byte then return haystack
  if ('\0' == *((const char *)needle)) {
    return (void *)haystack;
  }

  while ('\0' != *h) {
    const char *maybeMatch = h;
    const char *n = (const char *)needle;

    while (*h == *n && (*h != '\0' && *n != '\0')) {
      n++;
      h++;
    }

    if ('\0' == *n) {
      // we found the whole utf8 string for needle in haystack at
      // maybeMatch, so return it
      return (void *)maybeMatch;
    } else {
      // h could be in the middle of an unmatching utf8 codepoint,
      // so we need to march it on to the next character beginning
      // starting from the current character
      h = (const char*)utf8codepoint(maybeMatch, &throwaway_codepoint);
    }
  }

  // no match
  return utf8_null;
}

void *utf8casestr(const void *haystack, const void *needle) {
  const void *h = haystack;

  // if needle has no utf8 codepoints before the null terminating
  // byte then return haystack
  if ('\0' == *((const char *)needle)) {
    return (void *)haystack;
  }

  for (;;) {
    const void *maybeMatch = h;
    const void *n = needle;
    utf8_int32_t h_cp, n_cp;

    // Get the next code point and track it
    const void *nextH = h = utf8codepoint(h, &h_cp);
    n = utf8codepoint(n, &n_cp);

    while ((0 != h_cp) && (0 != n_cp)) {
      h_cp = utf8lwrcodepoint(h_cp);
      n_cp = utf8lwrcodepoint(n_cp);

      // if we find a mismatch, bail out!
      if (h_cp != n_cp) {
        break;
      }

      h = utf8codepoint(h, &h_cp);
      n = utf8codepoint(n, &n_cp);
    }

    if (0 == n_cp) {
      // we found the whole utf8 string for needle in haystack at
      // maybeMatch, so return it
      return (void *)maybeMatch;
    }

    if (0 == h_cp) {
      // no match
      return utf8_null;
    }

    // Roll back to the next code point in the haystack to test
    h = nextH;
  }
}

void *utf8valid(const void *str) {
  const char *s = (const char *)str;

  while ('\0' != *s) {
    if (0xf0 == (0xf8 & *s)) {
      // ensure each of the 3 following bytes in this 4-byte
      // utf8 codepoint began with 0b10xxxxxx
      if ((0x80 != (0xc0 & s[1])) || (0x80 != (0xc0 & s[2])) ||
          (0x80 != (0xc0 & s[3]))) {
        return (void *)s;
      }

      // ensure that our utf8 codepoint ended after 4 bytes
      if (0x80 == (0xc0 & s[4])) {
        return (void *)s;
      }

      // ensure that the top 5 bits of this 4-byte utf8
      // codepoint were not 0, as then we could have used
      // one of the smaller encodings
      if ((0 == (0x07 & s[0])) && (0 == (0x30 & s[1]))) {
        return (void *)s;
      }

      // 4-byte utf8 code point (began with 0b11110xxx)
      s += 4;
    } else if (0xe0 == (0xf0 & *s)) {
      // ensure each of the 2 following bytes in this 3-byte
      // utf8 codepoint began with 0b10xxxxxx
      if ((0x80 != (0xc0 & s[1])) || (0x80 != (0xc0 & s[2]))) {
        return (void *)s;
      }

      // ensure that our utf8 codepoint ended after 3 bytes
      if (0x80 == (0xc0 & s[3])) {
        return (void *)s;
      }

      // ensure that the top 5 bits of this 3-byte utf8
      // codepoint were not 0, as then we could have used
      // one of the smaller encodings
      if ((0 == (0x0f & s[0])) && (0 == (0x20 & s[1]))) {
        return (void *)s;
      }

      // 3-byte utf8 code point (began with 0b1110xxxx)
      s += 3;
    } else if (0xc0 == (0xe0 & *s)) {
      // ensure the 1 following byte in this 2-byte
      // utf8 codepoint began with 0b10xxxxxx
      if (0x80 != (0xc0 & s[1])) {
        return (void *)s;
      }

      // ensure that our utf8 codepoint ended after 2 bytes
      if (0x80 == (0xc0 & s[2])) {
        return (void *)s;
      }

      // ensure that the top 4 bits of this 2-byte utf8
      // codepoint were not 0, as then we could have used
      // one of the smaller encodings
      if (0 == (0x1e & s[0])) {
        return (void *)s;
      }

      // 2-byte utf8 code point (began with 0b110xxxxx)
      s += 2;
    } else if (0x00 == (0x80 & *s)) {
      // 1-byte ascii (began with 0b0xxxxxxx)
      s += 1;
    } else {
      // we have an invalid 0b1xxxxxxx utf8 code point entry
      return (void *)s;
    }
  }

  return utf8_null;
}

void *utf8codepoint(const void *utf8_restrict str,
                    utf8_int32_t *utf8_restrict out_codepoint) {
  const char *s = (const char *)str;

  if (0xf0 == (0xf8 & s[0])) {
    // 4 byte utf8 codepoint
    *out_codepoint = ((0x07 & s[0]) << 18) | ((0x3f & s[1]) << 12) |
                     ((0x3f & s[2]) << 6) | (0x3f & s[3]);
    s += 4;
  } else if (0xe0 == (0xf0 & s[0])) {
    // 3 byte utf8 codepoint
    *out_codepoint =
        ((0x0f & s[0]) << 12) | ((0x3f & s[1]) << 6) | (0x3f & s[2]);
    s += 3;
  } else if (0xc0 == (0xe0 & s[0])) {
    // 2 byte utf8 codepoint
    *out_codepoint = ((0x1f & s[0]) << 6) | (0x3f & s[1]);
    s += 2;
  } else {
    // 1 byte utf8 codepoint otherwise
    *out_codepoint = s[0];
    s += 1;
  }

  return (void *)s;
}

size_t utf8codepointcalcsize(const void *utf8_restrict str) {
  const char *s = (const char *)str;

  if (0xf0 == (0xf8 & s[0])) {
    // 4 byte utf8 codepoint
    return 4;
  } else if (0xe0 == (0xf0 & s[0])) {
    // 3 byte utf8 codepoint
    return 3;
  } else if (0xc0 == (0xe0 & s[0])) {
    // 2 byte utf8 codepoint
    return 2;
  }

  // 1 byte utf8 codepoint otherwise
  return 1;
}

size_t utf8codepointsize(utf8_int32_t chr) {
  if (0 == ((utf8_int32_t)0xffffff80 & chr)) {
    return 1;
  } else if (0 == ((utf8_int32_t)0xfffff800 & chr)) {
    return 2;
  } else if (0 == ((utf8_int32_t)0xffff0000 & chr)) {
    return 3;
  } else { // if (0 == ((int)0xffe00000 & chr)) {
    return 4;
  }
}

void *utf8catcodepoint(void *utf8_restrict str, utf8_int32_t chr, size_t n) {
  char *s = (char *)str;

  if (0 == ((utf8_int32_t)0xffffff80 & chr)) {
    // 1-byte/7-bit ascii
    // (0b0xxxxxxx)
    if (n < 1) {
      return utf8_null;
    }
    s[0] = (char)chr;
    s += 1;
  } else if (0 == ((utf8_int32_t)0xfffff800 & chr)) {
    // 2-byte/11-bit utf8 code point
    // (0b110xxxxx 0b10xxxxxx)
    if (n < 2) {
      return utf8_null;
    }
    s[0] = 0xc0 | (char)(chr >> 6);
    s[1] = 0x80 | (char)(chr & 0x3f);
    s += 2;
  } else if (0 == ((utf8_int32_t)0xffff0000 & chr)) {
    // 3-byte/16-bit utf8 code point
    // (0b1110xxxx 0b10xxxxxx 0b10xxxxxx)
    if (n < 3) {
      return utf8_null;
    }
    s[0] = 0xe0 | (char)(chr >> 12);
    s[1] = 0x80 | (char)((chr >> 6) & 0x3f);
    s[2] = 0x80 | (char)(chr & 0x3f);
    s += 3;
  } else { // if (0 == ((int)0xffe00000 & chr)) {
    // 4-byte/21-bit utf8 code point
    // (0b11110xxx 0b10xxxxxx 0b10xxxxxx 0b10xxxxxx)
    if (n < 4) {
      return utf8_null;
    }
    s[0] = 0xf0 | (char)(chr >> 18);
    s[1] = 0x80 | (char)((chr >> 12) & 0x3f);
    s[2] = 0x80 | (char)((chr >> 6) & 0x3f);
    s[3] = 0x80 | (char)(chr & 0x3f);
    s += 4;
  }

  return s;
}

int utf8islower(utf8_int32_t chr) { return chr != utf8uprcodepoint(chr); }

int utf8isupper(utf8_int32_t chr) { return chr != utf8lwrcodepoint(chr); }

void utf8lwr(void *utf8_restrict str) {
  void *p, *pn;
  utf8_int32_t cp;

  p = (char *)str;
  pn = utf8codepoint(p, &cp);

  while (cp != 0) {
    const utf8_int32_t lwr_cp = utf8lwrcodepoint(cp);
    const size_t size = utf8codepointsize(lwr_cp);

    if (lwr_cp != cp) {
      utf8catcodepoint(p, lwr_cp, size);
    }

    p = pn;
    pn = utf8codepoint(p, &cp);
  }
}

void utf8upr(void *utf8_restrict str) {
  void *p, *pn;
  utf8_int32_t cp;

  p = (char *)str;
  pn = utf8codepoint(p, &cp);

  while (cp != 0) {
    const utf8_int32_t lwr_cp = utf8uprcodepoint(cp);
    const size_t size = utf8codepointsize(lwr_cp);

    if (lwr_cp != cp) {
      utf8catcodepoint(p, lwr_cp, size);
    }

    p = pn;
    pn = utf8codepoint(p, &cp);
  }
}

utf8_int32_t utf8lwrcodepoint(utf8_int32_t cp) {
  if (((0x0041 <= cp) && (0x005a >= cp)) ||
      ((0x00c0 <= cp) && (0x00d6 >= cp)) ||
      ((0x00d8 <= cp) && (0x00de >= cp)) ||
      ((0x0391 <= cp) && (0x03a1 >= cp)) ||
      ((0x03a3 <= cp) && (0x03ab >= cp)) ||
      ((0x0410 <= cp) && (0x042f >= cp))) {
    cp += 32;
  } else if ((0x0400 <= cp) && (0x040f >= cp)) {
    cp += 80;
  } else if (((0x0100 <= cp) && (0x012f >= cp)) ||
             ((0x0132 <= cp) && (0x0137 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x014a <= cp) && (0x0177 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x0182 <= cp) && (0x0185 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x01a0 <= cp) && (0x01a5 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x01de <= cp) && (0x01ef >= cp)) ||
             ((0x01f8 <= cp) && (0x021f >= cp)) ||
             ((0x0222 <= cp) && (0x0233 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x0246 <= cp) && (0x024f >= cp)) ||
             ((0x03d8 <= cp) && (0x03ef >= cp)) ||
             ((0x0460 <= cp) && (0x0481 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x048a <= cp) && (0x04ff >= cp))) {
    cp |= 0x1;
  } else if (((0x0139 <= cp) && (0x0148 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x0179 <= cp) && (0x017e >= cp)) ||
             ((0x01af <= cp) && (0x01b0 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x01b3 <= cp) && (0x01b6 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x01cd <= cp) && (0x01dc >= cp))) {
    cp += 1;
    cp &= ~0x1;
  } else {
    switch (cp) {
    default: break;
    case 0x0178: cp = 0x00ff; break;
    case 0x0243: cp = 0x0180; break;
    case 0x018e: cp = 0x01dd; break;
    case 0x023d: cp = 0x019a; break;
    case 0x0220: cp = 0x019e; break;
    case 0x01b7: cp = 0x0292; break;
    case 0x01c4: cp = 0x01c6; break;
    case 0x01c7: cp = 0x01c9; break;
    case 0x01ca: cp = 0x01cc; break;
    case 0x01f1: cp = 0x01f3; break;
    case 0x01f7: cp = 0x01bf; break;
    case 0x0187: cp = 0x0188; break;
    case 0x018b: cp = 0x018c; break;
    case 0x0191: cp = 0x0192; break;
    case 0x0198: cp = 0x0199; break;
    case 0x01a7: cp = 0x01a8; break;
    case 0x01ac: cp = 0x01ad; break;
    case 0x01af: cp = 0x01b0; break;
    case 0x01b8: cp = 0x01b9; break;
    case 0x01bc: cp = 0x01bd; break;
    case 0x01f4: cp = 0x01f5; break;
    case 0x023b: cp = 0x023c; break;
    case 0x0241: cp = 0x0242; break;
    case 0x03fd: cp = 0x037b; break;
    case 0x03fe: cp = 0x037c; break;
    case 0x03ff: cp = 0x037d; break;
    case 0x037f: cp = 0x03f3; break;
    case 0x0386: cp = 0x03ac; break;
    case 0x0388: cp = 0x03ad; break;
    case 0x0389: cp = 0x03ae; break;
    case 0x038a: cp = 0x03af; break;
    case 0x038c: cp = 0x03cc; break;
    case 0x038e: cp = 0x03cd; break;
    case 0x038f: cp = 0x03ce; break;
    case 0x0370: cp = 0x0371; break;
    case 0x0372: cp = 0x0373; break;
    case 0x0376: cp = 0x0377; break;
    case 0x03f4: cp = 0x03d1; break;
    case 0x03cf: cp = 0x03d7; break;
    case 0x03f9: cp = 0x03f2; break;
    case 0x03f7: cp = 0x03f8; break;
    case 0x03fa: cp = 0x03fb; break;
    };
  }

  return cp;
}

utf8_int32_t utf8uprcodepoint(utf8_int32_t cp) {
  if (((0x0061 <= cp) && (0x007a >= cp)) ||
      ((0x00e0 <= cp) && (0x00f6 >= cp)) ||
      ((0x00f8 <= cp) && (0x00fe >= cp)) ||
      ((0x03b1 <= cp) && (0x03c1 >= cp)) ||
      ((0x03c3 <= cp) && (0x03cb >= cp)) ||
      ((0x0430 <= cp) && (0x044f >= cp))) {
    cp -= 32;
  } else if ((0x0450 <= cp) && (0x045f >= cp)) {
    cp -= 80;
  } else if (((0x0100 <= cp) && (0x012f >= cp)) ||
             ((0x0132 <= cp) && (0x0137 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x014a <= cp) && (0x0177 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x0182 <= cp) && (0x0185 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x01a0 <= cp) && (0x01a5 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x01de <= cp) && (0x01ef >= cp)) ||
             ((0x01f8 <= cp) && (0x021f >= cp)) ||
             ((0x0222 <= cp) && (0x0233 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x0246 <= cp) && (0x024f >= cp)) ||
             ((0x03d8 <= cp) && (0x03ef >= cp)) ||
             ((0x0460 <= cp) && (0x0481 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x048a <= cp) && (0x04ff >= cp))) {
    cp &= ~0x1;
  } else if (((0x0139 <= cp) && (0x0148 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x0179 <= cp) && (0x017e >= cp)) ||
             ((0x01af <= cp) && (0x01b0 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x01b3 <= cp) && (0x01b6 >= cp)) ||
             ((0x01cd <= cp) && (0x01dc >= cp))) {
    cp -= 1;
    cp |= 0x1;
  } else {
    switch (cp) {
    default: break;
    case 0x00ff: cp = 0x0178; break;
    case 0x0180: cp = 0x0243; break;
    case 0x01dd: cp = 0x018e; break;
    case 0x019a: cp = 0x023d; break;
    case 0x019e: cp = 0x0220; break;
    case 0x0292: cp = 0x01b7; break;
    case 0x01c6: cp = 0x01c4; break;
    case 0x01c9: cp = 0x01c7; break;
    case 0x01cc: cp = 0x01ca; break;
    case 0x01f3: cp = 0x01f1; break;
    case 0x01bf: cp = 0x01f7; break;
    case 0x0188: cp = 0x0187; break;
    case 0x018c: cp = 0x018b; break;
    case 0x0192: cp = 0x0191; break;
    case 0x0199: cp = 0x0198; break;
    case 0x01a8: cp = 0x01a7; break;
    case 0x01ad: cp = 0x01ac; break;
    case 0x01b0: cp = 0x01af; break;
    case 0x01b9: cp = 0x01b8; break;
    case 0x01bd: cp = 0x01bc; break;
    case 0x01f5: cp = 0x01f4; break;
    case 0x023c: cp = 0x023b; break;
    case 0x0242: cp = 0x0241; break;
    case 0x037b: cp = 0x03fd; break;
    case 0x037c: cp = 0x03fe; break;
    case 0x037d: cp = 0x03ff; break;
    case 0x03f3: cp = 0x037f; break;
    case 0x03ac: cp = 0x0386; break;
    case 0x03ad: cp = 0x0388; break;
    case 0x03ae: cp = 0x0389; break;
    case 0x03af: cp = 0x038a; break;
    case 0x03cc: cp = 0x038c; break;
    case 0x03cd: cp = 0x038e; break;
    case 0x03ce: cp = 0x038f; break;
    case 0x0371: cp = 0x0370; break;
    case 0x0373: cp = 0x0372; break;
    case 0x0377: cp = 0x0376; break;
    case 0x03d1: cp = 0x03f4; break;
    case 0x03d7: cp = 0x03cf; break;
    case 0x03f2: cp = 0x03f9; break;
    case 0x03f8: cp = 0x03f7; break;
    case 0x03fb: cp = 0x03fa; break;
    };
  }

  return cp;
}

#undef utf8_restrict
#undef utf8_null

#ifdef __cplusplus
} // extern "C"
#endif

#if defined(__clang__)
#pragma clang diagnostic pop
#endif

#endif // SHEREDOM_UTF8_H_INCLUDED