diff --git a/02-instructions-pdf.Rmd b/02-instructions-pdf.Rmd index f6793fe..3d8399d 100644 --- a/02-instructions-pdf.Rmd +++ b/02-instructions-pdf.Rmd @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ if(!knitr:::is_html_output()) Unzip the compressed folder AGEC-LCI_v1_0.zip, then open the file AGEC-LCI_v1_0.xlsm (Figure \@ref(fig:agec-icon)). -```{r agec-icon,echo=FALSE,fig.align='center',out.width="15%",fig.cap="AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabbled workbook"} +```{r agec-icon,echo=FALSE,fig.align='center',out.width="15%",fig.cap="AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabled workbook"} knitr::include_graphics("Figures/agec_lci_icon.PNG") ``` diff --git a/02-instructions.Rmd b/02-instructions.Rmd index 0c17b64..4ebe731 100644 --- a/02-instructions.Rmd +++ b/02-instructions.Rmd @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ if(!knitr:::is_html_output()) Unzip the compressed folder AGEC-LCI_v1_0.zip, then open the file AGEC-LCI_v1_0.xlsm (Figure \@ref(fig:agec-icon)). -```{r agec-icon,echo=FALSE,fig.align='center',out.width="15%",fig.cap="AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabbled workbook"} +```{r agec-icon,echo=FALSE,fig.align='center',out.width="15%",fig.cap="AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabled workbook"} knitr::include_graphics("Figures/agec_lci_icon.PNG") ``` diff --git a/agec-lci-tutorial.log b/agec-lci-tutorial.log index 570c08d..0c9067f 100644 --- a/agec-lci-tutorial.log +++ b/agec-lci-tutorial.log @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -This is XeTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-0.999991 (TeX Live 2019/W32TeX) (preloaded format=xelatex 2020.3.31) 12 JUN 2020 10:31 +This is XeTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-0.999991 (TeX Live 2019/W32TeX) (preloaded format=xelatex 2020.3.31) 12 JUN 2020 10:44 entering extended mode restricted \write18 enabled. %&-line parsing enabled. @@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ Package rerunfilecheck Info: File `agec-lci-tutorial.out' has not changed. Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: 15417 strings out of 481765 281337 string characters out of 5934635 - 607329 words of memory out of 5000000 + 607328 words of memory out of 5000000 32138 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 549098 words of font info for 62 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 14 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 diff --git a/docs/02-instructions-pdf.md b/docs/02-instructions-pdf.md index 5c06845..a551cbd 100644 --- a/docs/02-instructions-pdf.md +++ b/docs/02-instructions-pdf.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Unzip the compressed folder AGEC-LCI_v1_0.zip, then open the file AGEC-LCI_v1_0. } -\caption{AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabbled workbook}(\#fig:agec-icon) +\caption{AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabled workbook}(\#fig:agec-icon) \end{figure} diff --git a/docs/02-instructions.md b/docs/02-instructions.md index b595331..fac09c3 100644 --- a/docs/02-instructions.md +++ b/docs/02-instructions.md @@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ Unzip the compressed folder AGEC-LCI_v1_0.zip, then open the file AGEC-LCI_v1_0.xlsm (Figure \@ref(fig:agec-icon)).
-AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabbled workbook -

(\#fig:agec-icon)AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabbled workbook

+AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabled workbook +

(\#fig:agec-icon)AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabled workbook

@@ -347,8 +347,8 @@ AGEC-LCI allows the user to select inputs from a database composed of 25 crops (
-
- +
+

(\#fig:regions-agec-lci)Regions available in AGEC-LCI

diff --git a/docs/agec-lci-tutorial.pdf b/docs/agec-lci-tutorial.pdf index f446723..35f53fd 100644 Binary files a/docs/agec-lci-tutorial.pdf and b/docs/agec-lci-tutorial.pdf differ diff --git a/docs/agec-lci-tutorial.tex b/docs/agec-lci-tutorial.tex index 432e154..674b41c 100644 --- a/docs/agec-lci-tutorial.tex +++ b/docs/agec-lci-tutorial.tex @@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ \subsubsection*{Step 1}\label{step-1}} } -\caption{AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabbled workbook}\label{fig:agec-icon} +\caption{AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabled workbook}\label{fig:agec-icon} \end{figure} \hypertarget{step-2}{% diff --git a/docs/instructions.html b/docs/instructions.html index 6d42faf..1737abe 100644 --- a/docs/instructions.html +++ b/docs/instructions.html @@ -132,9 +132,9 @@

Section 2 Instructions for useStep 1

Unzip the compressed folder AGEC-LCI_v1_0.zip, then open the file AGEC-LCI_v1_0.xlsm (Figure 2.1).

-AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabbled workbook +AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabled workbook

-Figure 2.1: AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabbled workbook +Figure 2.1: AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabled workbook

@@ -700,8 +700,8 @@

Step 3

Click on the coloured polygons to display the main characteristics of the available regions in AGEC-LCI.

-
- +
+

Figure 2.4: Regions available in AGEC-LCI

diff --git a/docs/search_index.json b/docs/search_index.json index 8cbba31..51d39b5 100644 --- a/docs/search_index.json +++ b/docs/search_index.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ [ ["index.html", "AGEC-LCI tutorial Preface", " AGEC-LCI tutorial Ivan Viveros Santos April 2020 Preface AGEC-LCI: AGricultural Emissions Calculator for life cycle inventory AGEC-LCI is a VBA tool that generates inventory reports of direct field emissions resulting from the application of soil amendments, fertilizers and metal-based fungicides in agriculture. This tool aims to facilitate the modelling of the foreground process of agricultural systems and to avoid the potential inconsistent linking between life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phases. About the authors and contributors Authors Affiliation Ivan Viveros Santos CIRAIG, Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montréal Philippe Roux ITAP, Irstea, Montpellier SupAgro, Elsa Research Group, Chaire ELSA-PACT, Univ Montpellier Carole Sinfort ELSA Research Group, ITAP, SupAgro, Irstea, Univ Montpellier Annie Levasseur Department of Construction Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure Cécile Bulle CIRAIG, ESG UQAM, Strategy, Corporate & Social Responsibility Department Louise Deschênes CIRAIG, Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montréal Corresponding author: ivan.viveros-santos@polymtl.ca Do not hesitate to contact Ivan if you need help on adding regions, crops or other agricultural inputs unavailable in the tool’s database. Download the AGEC-LCI tool Please follow this link to download the AGEC-LCI tool. Participation at SETAC Europe SciCon virtual meeting This work will be presented at the SETAC Europe 30th Annual Meeting “Open Science for Enhanced Global Environmental Protection” according to the following details: Track: 5. Life Cycle Assessment and Foot-Printing Session: Quantifying life cycle emissions and environmental impacts of agricultural practices related to pesticides and fertilisers Presentation Title: AGEC-LCI: an open access tool for calculating emissions from fertilizers and metal-based fungicides applications Presentation Type: Platform Acknowledgements This work was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada grant number [RDCPJ 451916-13] in collaboration with Hydro-Québec and the Société des Alcools du Québec. Tool’s information This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. "], ["introduction.html", "Section 1 Introduction", " Section 1 Introduction AGEC-LCI is a VBA application hosted in Microsoft Excel that computes emissions generated from the application of soil amendments, fertilizers and metal-based fungicides in agriculture (Figure 1.1). Figure 1.1: Emissions Computed by AGEC-LCI A state of the art analysis of the models for computing direct field emission from fertilizers, pesticides and soil amendments was carried out. Acknowledging that agricultural emissions are site- and time dependent, a parsimonious approach was considered for the selection of the models (Table 1.1). See Section 4 for more details on the selected models. Table 1.1: Selected models for calculating agricultural emissions and comparison with LCI databases Emission agri footprint (Durlinger et al. 2017) ecoinvent v3 (Nemecek and Schnetzer 2011) AGRIBALYSE ® (Koch and Salou 2015) WFLDB (Nemecek et al. 2014) AGEC-LCI Ammonia (NH3) IPCC (2006) Agrammon (Tier 3 methodology for Switzerland) EMEP Tier 2 (EEA 2009) EMEP Tier 2 (EEA 2013) EMEP Tier 2 (EEA 2009 & EEA 2013) Nitrous oxide (N2O) IPCC (2006) IPCC (2006) crops: Tier 1 animals: Tier 2 IPCC (2006) crops: Tier 1 animals: Tier 2 IPCC (2006) crops: Tier 1 animals: Tier 2 \"IPCC (2006) crops: Tier 1(a) Nitrate (NO3-) IPCC (2006) Europe: SALCA-Nitrate (Richner et al. 2014), Other countries: SQCB (Faist et al, 2009) Annual French crops: COMIFER 2001 adjusted (Tailleur et al. 2012),Permanent crops: SQCB (Faist et al, 2009) Europe: SALCA-Nitrate (Richner et al. 2014), Other countries: SQCB (Faist et al, 2009) SQCB (Faist et al, 2009) Phosphorus (P,PO43-) (Struijs, Beusen, Zwart, & Huijbregts, 2011) SALCA-P (Prasuhn, 2006) SALCA-P (Prasuhn, 2006) SALCA-P (Prasuhn, 2006) SALCA-P (Prasuhn, 2006) Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) (Mels et al., 2008, Romkens & Rietra, 2008, Nemecek & Schnetzer, 2012) SALCA method (Freiermuth, 2006) SALCA method (Freiermuth, 2006) SALCA method (Freiermuth, 2006) SALCA method (Freiermuth, 2006) Methane (CH4) Dutch National Inventory Reports IPCC (2006) Tier 2 IPCC (2006) Tier 2 IPCC (2006) Tier 2 - Synthetic pesticides 100 % of the substance emitted to agricultural soil 100 % of the substance emitted to agricultural soil 100 % of the substance emitted to agricultural soil 100 % of the substance emitted to soil(b) - (a): The AGEC-LCI tool does not compute enteric emissions of livestock. (b): Rule followed in the first and second release of the WFLDB. The third release will follow the rules defined in Glasgow workshops (Nemecek et al. 2014). References "], -["instructions.html", "Section 2 Instructions for use", " Section 2 Instructions for use Step 1 Unzip the compressed folder AGEC-LCI_v1_0.zip, then open the file AGEC-LCI_v1_0.xlsm (Figure 2.1). Figure 2.1: AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabbled workbook Step 2 Click on the Launch AGEC-LCI user interface button at the top of README-RUN worksheet of AGEC-LCI_v1_0.xlsm (Figure 2.2). Figure 2.2: Launch AGEC-LCI user interface Step 3 The AGEC-LCI user interface will be displayed (Figure 2.3). Figure 2.3: AGEC-LCI user interface AGEC-LCI allows the user to select inputs from a database composed of 25 crops (Table 2.1), 42 fertilizers (Table 2.2), 6 metal-based fungicides (Table 2.3) and the pedo-climatic characteristics of 5 French regions (Figure 2.4) according to data from AGRIBALYSE (Koch and Salou 2015). Furthermore, the user is allowed to add crops, regions and other inputs not available in the accompanying database. Table 2.1: Crops available in AGEC-LCI Crop Carrots Grapes/vine (tree nursery) Grapes/vine (non productive) Grapes/vine (productive) Durum wheat Durum wheat – straw Soft wheat Soft wheat – straw Rapeseed Silage maize Grain maize Seed maize Potatoes Sugar beet Alfalfa Barley Barley- straw Peas Permanent meadow Temporary grassland Sunflowers Triticale Triticale – straw Product, average Co-product, average Table 2.2: Fertilizers available in AGEC-LCI Fertilizer Type Feather meal Compost Green waste compost Compost Household waste compost Compost Manure / slurry compost Compost Cattle slurry Slurry Thin cattle slurry Slurry Broiler manure Manure Cattle manure Manure Cattle manure heap Manure Compost bedded cattle manure Manure Laying hen manure Manure Pig manure Manure Ammonium nitrate Mineral fertilizer Ammonium sulphate Mineral fertilizer Average mineral fertilizer, as K2O Mineral fertilizer Average mineral fertilizer, as N Mineral fertilizer Average mineral fertilizer, as P2O5 Mineral fertilizer Calcium ammonium nitrate Mineral fertilizer Calcium nitrate Mineral fertilizer Diammonium phosphate Mineral fertilizer Lime, from carbonation Mineral fertilizer Magnesium oxide Mineral fertilizer Monoammonium phosphate Mineral fertilizer Potassium chloride Mineral fertilizer Potassium nitrate Mineral fertilizer Potassium sulphate Mineral fertilizer Single superphosphate Mineral fertilizer Triple superphosphate Mineral fertilizer Urea Mineral fertilizer Urea ammonium nitrate Mineral fertilizer Limestone, milled, loose Mineral fertilizer Composted sewage sludge Sludge Composted sewage sludge (default) Sludge Concentrated sugar beet vinasse Sludge Dried sewage sludge Sludge Dried sewage sludge (default) Sludge Limed sewage sludge Sludge Limed sewage sludge (default) Sludge Liquid sewage sludge Sludge Liquid sewage sludge (default) Sludge Sugar beet vinasse Sludge Sugar beet vinasse (default) Sludge Table 2.3: Metal-based fungicides available in AGEC-LCI Metal-based fungicides Mancozeb Metiram zinc Propineb Zineb Ziram Click on the coloured polygons to display the main characteristics of the available regions in AGEC-LCI. Figure 2.4: Regions available in AGEC-LCI Step 4 You will be asked to give a short name for your current project. It is advised to give a short and meaningful name, because it will be part of the name of the reports and the process generated (Figure 2.5). Click OK to finish the computations. Figure 2.5: Name your current project Step 5 Three reports will be generated and stored under the Results folder accompanying this tool (Figure 2.6). The Results folder will be automatically open at the end of the computation. Report_Project_Name_YYYY-MM-DD.xlsx: Contains the user’s inputs and the calculated emissions. The aim of this report is to keep track of the inputs that need to be entered by the LCA practitioner into a LCA software. Report_olca_Project_Name_YYYY-MM-DD.xlsx: Reports the calculated emissions in an Excel file compatible with openLCA. The importation of this report was tested with openLCA 1.9.0, and the procedure is described in Section 3.1. Report_SimaPro_Project_Name_YYYY-MM-DD.csv: Reports the calculated emissions in a csv file compatible with SimaPro. The importation of this csv file was tested with SimaPro 8.5.2.2, it is not guaranteed that it will work in previous versions the software. The procedure for importing this file is described in Section 3.2. Figure 2.6: Files generated by AGEC-LCI References "], +["instructions.html", "Section 2 Instructions for use", " Section 2 Instructions for use Step 1 Unzip the compressed folder AGEC-LCI_v1_0.zip, then open the file AGEC-LCI_v1_0.xlsm (Figure 2.1). Figure 2.1: AGEC-LCI is stored in a macro-enabled workbook Step 2 Click on the Launch AGEC-LCI user interface button at the top of README-RUN worksheet of AGEC-LCI_v1_0.xlsm (Figure 2.2). Figure 2.2: Launch AGEC-LCI user interface Step 3 The AGEC-LCI user interface will be displayed (Figure 2.3). Figure 2.3: AGEC-LCI user interface AGEC-LCI allows the user to select inputs from a database composed of 25 crops (Table 2.1), 42 fertilizers (Table 2.2), 6 metal-based fungicides (Table 2.3) and the pedo-climatic characteristics of 5 French regions (Figure 2.4) according to data from AGRIBALYSE (Koch and Salou 2015). Furthermore, the user is allowed to add crops, regions and other inputs not available in the accompanying database. Table 2.1: Crops available in AGEC-LCI Crop Carrots Grapes/vine (tree nursery) Grapes/vine (non productive) Grapes/vine (productive) Durum wheat Durum wheat – straw Soft wheat Soft wheat – straw Rapeseed Silage maize Grain maize Seed maize Potatoes Sugar beet Alfalfa Barley Barley- straw Peas Permanent meadow Temporary grassland Sunflowers Triticale Triticale – straw Product, average Co-product, average Table 2.2: Fertilizers available in AGEC-LCI Fertilizer Type Feather meal Compost Green waste compost Compost Household waste compost Compost Manure / slurry compost Compost Cattle slurry Slurry Thin cattle slurry Slurry Broiler manure Manure Cattle manure Manure Cattle manure heap Manure Compost bedded cattle manure Manure Laying hen manure Manure Pig manure Manure Ammonium nitrate Mineral fertilizer Ammonium sulphate Mineral fertilizer Average mineral fertilizer, as K2O Mineral fertilizer Average mineral fertilizer, as N Mineral fertilizer Average mineral fertilizer, as P2O5 Mineral fertilizer Calcium ammonium nitrate Mineral fertilizer Calcium nitrate Mineral fertilizer Diammonium phosphate Mineral fertilizer Lime, from carbonation Mineral fertilizer Magnesium oxide Mineral fertilizer Monoammonium phosphate Mineral fertilizer Potassium chloride Mineral fertilizer Potassium nitrate Mineral fertilizer Potassium sulphate Mineral fertilizer Single superphosphate Mineral fertilizer Triple superphosphate Mineral fertilizer Urea Mineral fertilizer Urea ammonium nitrate Mineral fertilizer Limestone, milled, loose Mineral fertilizer Composted sewage sludge Sludge Composted sewage sludge (default) Sludge Concentrated sugar beet vinasse Sludge Dried sewage sludge Sludge Dried sewage sludge (default) Sludge Limed sewage sludge Sludge Limed sewage sludge (default) Sludge Liquid sewage sludge Sludge Liquid sewage sludge (default) Sludge Sugar beet vinasse Sludge Sugar beet vinasse (default) Sludge Table 2.3: Metal-based fungicides available in AGEC-LCI Metal-based fungicides Mancozeb Metiram zinc Propineb Zineb Ziram Click on the coloured polygons to display the main characteristics of the available regions in AGEC-LCI. Figure 2.4: Regions available in AGEC-LCI Step 4 You will be asked to give a short name for your current project. It is advised to give a short and meaningful name, because it will be part of the name of the reports and the process generated (Figure 2.5). Click OK to finish the computations. Figure 2.5: Name your current project Step 5 Three reports will be generated and stored under the Results folder accompanying this tool (Figure 2.6). The Results folder will be automatically open at the end of the computation. Report_Project_Name_YYYY-MM-DD.xlsx: Contains the user’s inputs and the calculated emissions. The aim of this report is to keep track of the inputs that need to be entered by the LCA practitioner into a LCA software. Report_olca_Project_Name_YYYY-MM-DD.xlsx: Reports the calculated emissions in an Excel file compatible with openLCA. The importation of this report was tested with openLCA 1.9.0, and the procedure is described in Section 3.1. Report_SimaPro_Project_Name_YYYY-MM-DD.csv: Reports the calculated emissions in a csv file compatible with SimaPro. The importation of this csv file was tested with SimaPro 8.5.2.2, it is not guaranteed that it will work in previous versions the software. The procedure for importing this file is described in Section 3.2. Figure 2.6: Files generated by AGEC-LCI References "], ["importing-agec-lci-reports-into-lca-software.html", "Section 3 Importing AGEC-LCI reports into LCA software 3.1 openLCA 3.2 SimaPro", " Section 3 Importing AGEC-LCI reports into LCA software AGEC-LCI generates reports that can be directly imported into LCA software such as openLCA and SimaPro, which greatly reduces the time required for computing the impact of emissions resulting from soil amendments, fertilizers and metal-based fungicides. 3.1 openLCA Activate your working database Under File, select import. Select the Excel file format and click on Next (Figure 3.1). Figure 3.1: Importing an Excel file into openLCA Find the AGEC-LCI report in Excel format you would like to import. The name of the AGEC-LCI report compatible with openLCA follows the pattern “Report_olca_Project_Name_YYYY-MM-DD.xlsx”. Of course, you can rename this file prior to its importation into openLCA. Select the file to be imported and click on finish (Figure 3.2). Figure 3.2: Selecting the file to be imported After the importation, a child category AGEC-LCI will be created under Processes and Flows from the navigation panel (Figure 3.3). Figure 3.3: Child categories added to Processes and Flows 3.2 SimaPro Open your project Under File, select import. Click on Add. Select the csv file for importing (Figure 3.4). Figure 3.4: Importing a csv file into SimaPro Click OK to launch the importation. After the importation, a child category AGEC will be created under Processes/Use/Others (Figure 3.5). Figure 3.5: Child category added after importation Notes: The default name of the flow generated by AGEC-LCI is Agricultural emissions, AGEC. The default name of the process is composed by concatenation of the strings “Agricultural emissions, AGEC-LCI-” and “Your Project Name”, which you entered at step 3 of the instructions for use. "], ["selected-methods.html", "Section 4 Selected methods 4.1 Soil loss 4.2 Emissions of ammonia (NH3) to the air 4.3 Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx,NO,NO2) to the air 4.4 Nitrate (NO3-) leaching to ground water 4.5 Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) to air 4.6 Carbon dioxide (CO2) from liming and urea application 4.7 Phosphorus emissions 4.8 Heavy metal emissions to agricultural soil, surface water and ground water", " Section 4 Selected methods 4.1 Soil loss In line with the AGRIBALYSE® methodology (Koch and Salou 2015), soil loss was estimated by applying the USDA RUSLE equation. \\[A = R\\cdot K \\cdot L \\cdot S \\cdot C \\cdot P \\cdot f\\] Where: A: computed spatial and temporal average soil loss per unit area [t·ha-1·yr-1] R: rainfall-runoff erosivity factor K: soil erodibility factor L: slope length factor S: slope steepness factor C: cover-management factor P: support practice factor f: acre to hectare conversion factor (equal to 2.47) The AGRIBALYSE ® program computed R and K parameters according to six principal regions of France: central, north, north-east, west, south and south-west. Furthermore, climate and soil profiles were defined for each region (Koch and Salou 2015). 4.2 Emissions of ammonia (NH3) to the air In keeping with the AGRIBALYSE® methodology (Koch and Salou 2015), emissions of NH3 from organic fertilizers were calculated by applying the EMEP-EEA (2009) Tier 2. While the emissions of NH3 resulting from the application of mineral fertilizers were calculated according to the EMEP-EEA (2013) Tier 2, which is in line with the World Food LCA Database (WFLDB) (Nemecek et al. 2014). This allowed to consider the effect of both temperature and soil pH in the computation of NH3 emissions. The NH3 emissions were calculated according to the following equation: \\[NH_3=\\frac{17}{14} \\cdot \\sum_{m=1}^{M}(EF_a \\cdot p + EF_b \\cdot (1-p)) \\cdot N \\] Where: NH3: ammonia emissions after mineral fertilizer application [kg NH3] m: fertilizer type (M: number of fertilizer types) EFa: emission factor on soils with pH ≤ 7 [kg NH3-N/Kg N] EFb: emission factor on soils with pH > 7 [kg NH3-N/Kg N] p: fraction of soils with pH ≤ 7 [%/100] N: fertilizer application [kg N] 17/14 is the conversion factor from N to NH3. The above equation was simplified by considering that only one value of pH is reported for a given plot, which implies assuming that the pH is homogeneous in the studied agricultural field. In the equation below, i can take the values EFa or EFb, whether the pH is below or above 7. \\[NH_3=\\frac{17}{14} \\cdot \\sum_{m=1}^{M} EF_i \\cdot N\\] 4.3 Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx,NO,NO2) to the air Nitrogen oxides result principally from the nitrification process. In line with the AGRIBALYSE® methodology (Koch and Salou 2015) and the WFLDB (Nemecek et al. 2014), the EMEP-EEA (2009) Tier 1 was applied to calculate nitric oxide emission generated from the application of organic and mineral fertilizers. Regardless of the type of fertilizer (i.e., organic or mineral) the same emission factor is used: Emission factor for NOx-N: 0.012 kg NOx-N/kg N applied Prior to the computation of NO emissions, N volatized as NH3 was substracted from the amount of N applied. In ecoinvent, nitrogen oxide emissions are calculated with respect to NO2. In consequence, a conversion factor of 46/14 was applied to the calculated emissions in terms of N. 4.4 Nitrate (NO3-) leaching to ground water Faist Emmenegger, Reinhard, and Zah (2009) employed a simple regression model from Willigen (2000) to calculate nitrate leaching to groundwater in the context of the Sustainability Quick Check for Biofuels Project. The main limitation of the SQCB-NO3 model is that it does not account for soil hydrological and biochemical processes. In consequence, the output of this model must be considered as an estimate of nitrate leaching. Nevertheless, the SQCB-NO3 model has been applied in AGRIBALYSE® (Koch and Salou 2015), WFLDB (Nemecek et al. 2014) and ecoinvent (Nemecek and Schnetzer 2011) to calculate nitrate leaching in non-European agricultural fields. The SQCB-NO3 model was selected over the SALCA-nitrate model because the former was used by AGRIBALYSE ® to calculate nitrate leaching in vineyard fields, which is a research interest of the authors. Furthermore, this model allows to consistently compute nitrate emissions for other crops, and it facilitates updating the VBA application. Nitrate emissions were calculated according to the following regression model (Faist Emmenegger, Reinhard, and Zah 2009): \\[N=21.37 + \\frac{P}{c \\cdot L} \\Big[0.0037 \\cdot S + 0.0000601 \\cdot N_{org} - 0.00362 \\cdot U \\Big]\\] Where: N: quantity of nitrogen leached [kg N·ha-1·year-1] P: precipitation and watering, in mm per year c: soil clay content, in basis 100 L: rooting depth, in meters S: nitrogen supply, including crop residues [kg N·ha-1] Norg: quantity ot nitrogen in the soil organic matter [kg N·ha-1] U: nitrogen uptake [kg N·ha-1] A conversion factor of 62/14 was applied to the calculated emissions of nitrate in terms of N. 4.5 Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) to air Nitrous oxide (N2O) results from nitrification and denitrification processes. The global warming potential (GWP) of N2O for a time horizon of 100 years is 310 times the GWP of CO2 (IPCC 2006). N2O emissions were calculated according to the following equation (IPCC 2006): \\[N_2O = \\frac{44}{28} \\cdot \\bigg (0.01 \\cdot \\Big(N_{tot} + N_{cr} + \\frac{14}{17} \\cdot NH_3 + \\frac{14}{46} \\cdot NOx \\Big) + 0.0075 \\cdot \\frac{14}{62} \\cdot NO_3 \\bigg)\\] Where: N2O: emissions of nitrous oxide [kg N2O·ha-1] Ntot: total nitrogen in mineral and organic fertilizer [kg N·ha-1] Ncr: nitrogen contained in the crop residues [kg N·ha-1] NH3: losses of nitrogen in the form of ammonia [kg NH3·ha-1] NOx: losses of nitrogen in the form of nitrogen oxides [kg NO2·ha-1] NO3: losses of nitrogen in the form of nitrate [kg NO3·ha-1] 4.6 Carbon dioxide (CO2) from liming and urea application The aim of applying lime in agricultural soils is to decrease soil acidity and to improve plant development. The addition of carbonates by means of limestone or dolomite entails the dissolution of carbonate limes and the release of bicarbonate (2HCO3-). Subsequently, the bicarbonate is transformed into CO2 and water (IPCC 2006). In agreement with the AGRIBALYSE® methodology (Koch and Salou 2015), the WFLDB (Nemecek et al. 2014), and ecoinvent (Nemecek and Schnetzer 2011), carbon dioxide emissions generated from the application of lime and urea were calculated according to IPCC (2006) Tier 1. The calculated emissions are based on a worst-case approach because it is considered that the total amount of carbon is released in the form of CO2. CO2 emissions from lime application: \\[CO_2-C_{Emission}=M_{limestone} \\cdot EF_{limestone} + M_{dolomite} \\cdot EF_{dolomite}\\] Where: CO2-CEmissions: C emissions from lime application, tonnes C·yr-1 M: annual amount of calcic limestone or dolomite, tonnes·yr-1 EF: emission factor, tonne of C·(tonne of limestone or dolomite)-1 Table 4.1: EF-Emission factor (kg of C·kg of product-1) Product EF Limestone 0.12 Dolomite 0.13 Urea 1.57 Finally, a factor of 44/12 is applied to transform the emissions in terms of carbon into emissions based on carbon dioxide. \\[CO_2= \\frac{44}{12} \\cdot CO_2-C_{Emission}\\] 4.7 Phosphorus emissions In agreement with the AGRIBALYSE® methodology (Koch and Salou 2015), the WFLDB methodology (Nemecek et al. 2014) and the ecoinvent methodology (Nemecek and Schnetzer 2011), emissions of phosphorous to water were calculated by applying the SALCA-P model (Prasuhn 2006). The SALCA-P model computes three types of emissions to water according to the mechanism generating them: Phosphorus to river (emission by soil loss) Phosphate to ground water (emission by leaching). Phosphate to river (emission by run-off) 4.7.1 Phosphorus to river (emission by soil loss) Emissions of phosphorus by soil loss were calculated according to the following equation (Prasuhn 2006): \\[P_E=A \\cdot P_S \\cdot F_R \\cdot F_{SR} \\cdot t\\] Where: PE: phosphorus emitted by soil loss to rivers [kg.ha-1.yr-1] A: quantity of soil lost [kg.ha-1.yr-1] t: land occupation time (number of days/365) Table 4.2: Parameters for calculating phosphorous emissions to river (Prasuhn 2006) Parameter Definition Default value Units PS Phosphorous content in the upper part of the soil 0.00095 kg P·kg soil-1 FR Eroded particle enrichment factor 1.86 - FSR Fraction of soil lost that reaches the river 0.2 - 4.7.2 Phosphate to ground water (emission by leaching) Leaching of phosphate to ground water was calculated according to the following equation (Prasuhn 2006): \\[P_L=P_{LM} \\cdot F_{CSS} \\cdot t\\] Where: PL: leached phosphorus [kg.ha-1.yr-1] PLM: average quantity of phosphorus leached depending on the land occupation category [kg P.ha-1.yr-1] FCSS: correction factor for fertilization with slurry and/or sludge (see equation below) t: occupation time (number of days/365) A conversion factor of 95/31 was applied to convert emissions of phosphorus into emissions of phosphate. \\[F_{CSS}=1+ \\frac{0.2 \\cdot (P_2O_{5-slurry\\: and\\: sludge})}{80}\\] 4.7.3 Phosphate to river (emission by run-off) Emissions of phosphate to river by run-off were calculated according to the following equation (Prasuhn 2006): \\[P_R=P_{RM} \\cdot F_C \\cdot F_S \\cdot t\\] Where: PR: phosphorus lost by run-off to the rivers [kg.ha-1.yr-1] PRM: average quantity of phosphorus lost by run-off depending on the land occupation category [kg P.ha-1.yr-1] FC: correction factor for the form of phosphorus applied (mineral, liquid/solid organic) FS: slope factor. FS = 0 if slope < 3%, FS= 1, otherwise. t: occupation time (number of days/365) \\[F_C=1+ \\frac{0.7 \\cdot P_2O_{5-slurry\\: and \\: sludge} + 0.2 \\cdot P_2O_{5-mineral \\: fertilizer} + 0.4 \\cdot P_2O_{5-manure\\: and\\: compost}}{80}\\] A conversion factor of 95/31 was applied to convert emissions of phosphorus into emissions of phosphate. 4.8 Heavy metal emissions to agricultural soil, surface water and ground water Emissions of heavy metals to soil, ground and surface water are calculated based on a mass balance. The inputs considered are seeds, fertilizers, soil amendments, metal-based pesticides and air deposition. The outputs correspond to the emissions of trace metals into ground and surface water and the products harvested. 4.8.1 Heavy metal emissions to agricultural soils The mass balance of trace metal (TM) x in soil is calculated according to the following equation (Koch and Salou 2015): \\[\\Delta F_{TMx}=\\sum_{SFPI_y}IN_y \\cdot C_{y,x} - \\Big (\\sum_{PLR_z} OUT_z \\cdot C_{z,x} \\Big) \\cdot Alloc_x \\quad \\forall x \\in \\{Cd,Cu,Zn,Pb,Ni,Cr,Hg\\}\\] Where: ΔFTMx: Flow into the soil of Trace Metal x (TMx) INy: Quantity of input SFPIy containing TMx: Seed Fertilizer (mineral, organic, farm, sludge) Pesticides Sundry Inputs Cy,x: Content of TMx in input SFPIy OUTz: Quantity of output PLRz carrying the trace metal TMx Products harvested (including co-products and/or residues exported) Leaching to groundwater Run-off to surface water by soil loss Cz,x: Content of TMx in output PLRz Allocx: Allocation factor for TMx output flow. This allocation factor only takes account of part of the output flows from the deposition of trace metals. The allocation is calculated for each trace metal: \\[Alloc_x = \\frac{ \\sum_{SFPIy}IN_y \\cdot T_{y,x}}{ \\sum_{SFPIy} IN_y \\cdot T_{y,x} + Dep_x}\\] 4.8.2 Heavy metal emissions to river Trace metal emissions through erosion are calculated according to the following equation (Koch and Salou 2015): \\[M_{erosion,TMx} = A \\cdot S_{TMx} \\cdot F_R \\cdot F_{SR} \\cdot t \\cdot Alloc_x\\] Where: Merosion,TMx: emission of trace metal x to river [kg·ha-1·yr-1] A: amount of soil lost [kg·ha-1·yr-1] STMx: the content of trace metal x in the upper part of the soil FR: eroded particle enrichment factor FSR: fraction of soil lost which reaches the river t: land occupation time (number of days/365) Allocx: allocation factor for trace metal x The amount of soil lost was calculated by applying the RUSLE equation. An average concentration of trace metals depending on the soil use was considered. The eroded particle enrichment factor and the fraction of soil lost that reaches the river took the default values considered in the AGRIBALYSE® methodology (Koch and Salou 2015). Please refer to Section 4.7 to retrieve the last two parameters. 4.8.3 Heavy metal emissions to ground water Trace metal emissions into ground water were calculated according to the following equation (Koch and Salou 2015): \\[M_{leachng,TMx} = m_{leaching,TMx} \\cdot Alloc_x\\] Where: Mleaching,TMx: emission of trace metal x to ground water [kg·ha-1·yr-1] mleaching,TMx: average emission of trace metal x to ground water [kg·ha-1·yr-1] Allocx: allocation factor for trace metal x. References "], ["references.html", "References", " References "]