references.bib

@article{ahmed2020first,
  title={First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: a proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community},
  author={Ahmed, Warish and Angel, Nicola and Edson, Janette and Bibby, Kyle and Bivins, Aaron and O'Brien, Jake W and Choi, Phil M and Kitajima, Masaaki and Simpson, Stuart L and Li, Jiaying and others},
  journal={Science of the Total Environment},
  volume={728},
  pages={138764},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{arora2020sewage,
  title={Sewage surveillance for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genome as a useful wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) tracking tool in India},
  author={Arora, Sudipti and Nag, Aditi and Sethi, Jasmine and Rajvanshi, Jayana and Saxena, Sonika and Shrivastava, Sandeep K and Gupta, Akhilendra Bhushan},
  journal={Water Science and Technology},
  volume={82},
  number={12},
  pages={2823--2836},
  year={2020},
  publisher={IWA Publishing}
}

@article{barasa2020assessing,
  title={Assessing the hospital surge capacity of the Kenyan health system in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic},
  author={Barasa, Edwine W and Ouma, Paul O and Okiro, Emelda A},
  journal={PLoS One},
  volume={15},
  number={7},
  pages={e0236308},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA}
}

@article{carrillo2021surveillance,
  title={Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage and wastewater treatment plants in Mexico},
  author={Carrillo-Reyes, Juli{\'a}n and Barrag{\'a}n-Trinidad, Mart{\'\i}n and Buitr{\'o}n, Germ{\'a}n},
  journal={Journal of Water Process Engineering},
  volume={40},
  pages={101815},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{chan2021systematic,
  title={A systematic review on COVID-19: urological manifestations, viral RNA detection and special considerations in urological conditions},
  author={Chan, Vinson Wai-Shun and Chiu, Peter Ka-Fung and Yee, Chi-Hang and Yuan, Yuhong and Ng, Chi-Fai and Teoh, Jeremy Yuen-Chun},
  journal={World journal of urology},
  volume={39},
  number={9},
  pages={3127--3138},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{chen2020presence,
  title={The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the feces of COVID-19 patients},
  author={Chen, Yifei and Chen, Liangjun and Deng, Qiaoling and Zhang, Guqin and Wu, Kaisong and Ni, Lan and Yang, Yibin and Liu, Bing and Wang, Wei and Wei, Chaojie and others},
  journal={Journal of medical virology},
  volume={92},
  number={7},
  pages={833--840},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{cheung2020gastrointestinal,
  title={Gastrointestinal manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus load in fecal samples from a Hong Kong cohort: systematic review and meta-analysis},
  author={Cheung, Ka Shing and Hung, Ivan FN and Chan, Pierre PY and Lung, KC and Tso, Eugene and Liu, Raymond and Ng, YY and Chu, Man Y and Chung, Tom WH and Tam, Anthony Raymond and others},
  journal={Gastroenterology},
  volume={159},
  number={1},
  pages={81--95},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{duvallet2022nationwide,
  title={Nationwide Trends in COVID-19 Cases and SARS-CoV-2 RNA Wastewater Concentrations in the United States},
  author={Duvallet, Claire and Wu, Fuqing and McElroy, Kyle A and Imakaev, Maxim and Endo, Noriko and Xiao, Amy and Zhang, Jianbo and Floyd-O’Sullivan, R{\'o}is{\'\i}n and Powell, Morgan M and Mendola, Samuel and others},
  journal={ACS ES\&T Water},
  year={2022},
  publisher={ACS Publications}
}

@article{farkas2022comparative,
  title={Comparative assessment of filtration-and precipitation-based methods for the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses from wastewater},
  author={Farkas, Kata and Pellett, Cameron and Alex-Sanders, Natasha and Bridgman, Matthew TP and Corbishley, Alexander and Grimsley, Jasmine MS and Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara and Kevill, Jessica L and P{\^a}ntea, Igor and Richardson-O’Neill, India S and others},
  journal={Microbiology spectrum},
  volume={10},
  number={4},
  pages={e01102--22},
  year={2022},
  publisher={Am Soc Microbiol}
}

@article{feng2021evaluation,
  title={Evaluation of sampling, analysis, and normalization methods for SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in wastewater to assess COVID-19 burdens in Wisconsin communities},
  author={Feng, Shuchen and Roguet, Adelaide and McClary-Gutierrez, Jill S and Newton, Ryan J and Kloczko, Nathan and Meiman, Jonathan G and McLellan, Sandra L},
  journal={Acs Es\&T Water},
  volume={1},
  number={8},
  pages={1955--1965},
  year={2021},
  publisher={ACS Publications}
}

@article{hamza2019pepper,
  title={Pepper mild mottle virus in wastewater in Egypt: a potential indicator of wastewater pollution and the efficiency of the treatment process},
  author={Hamza, Hazem and Rizk, Neveen Magdy and Gad, Mahmoud Afw and Hamza, Ibrahim Ahmed},
  journal={Archives of Virology},
  volume={164},
  number={11},
  pages={2707--2713},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{hasan2021detection,
  title={Detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and treated effluents: Surveillance of COVID-19 epidemic in the United Arab Emirates},
  author={Hasan, Shadi W and Ibrahim, Yazan and Daou, Marianne and Kannout, Hussein and Jan, Nila and Lopes, Alvaro and Alsafar, Habiba and Yousef, Ahmed F},
  journal={Science of The Total Environment},
  volume={764},
  pages={142929},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{hellmer2014detection,
  title={Detection of pathogenic viruses in sewage provided early warnings of hepatitis A virus and norovirus outbreaks},
  author={Hellm{\'e}r, Maria and Pax{\'e}us, Nicklas and Magnius, Lars and Enache, Lucica and Arnholm, Birgitta and Johansson, Annette and Bergstr{\"o}m, Tomas and Norder, Hel{\'e}ne},
  journal={Applied and environmental microbiology},
  volume={80},
  number={21},
  pages={6771--6781},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Am Soc Microbiol}
}

@article{kitajima2014relative,
  title={Relative abundance and treatment reduction of viruses during wastewater treatment processes—identification of potential viral indicators},
  author={Kitajima, Masaaki and Iker, Brandon C and Pepper, Ian L and Gerba, Charles P},
  journal={Science of the Total Environment},
  volume={488},
  pages={290--296},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{kitajima2018pepper,
  title={Pepper mild mottle virus as a water quality indicator},
  author={Kitajima, Masaaki and Sassi, Hannah P and Torrey, Jason R},
  journal={NPJ Clean Water},
  volume={1},
  number={1},
  pages={1--9},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{lauer2020incubation,
  title={The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application},
  author={Lauer, Stephen A and Grantz, Kyra H and Bi, Qifang and Jones, Forrest K and Zheng, Qulu and Meredith, Hannah R and Azman, Andrew S and Reich, Nicholas G and Lessler, Justin},
  journal={Annals of internal medicine},
  volume={172},
  number={9},
  pages={577--582},
  year={2020},
  publisher={American College of Physicians}
}

@article{li2020substantial,
  title={Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)},
  author={Li, Ruiyun and Pei, Sen and Chen, Bin and Song, Yimeng and Zhang, Tao and Yang, Wan and Shaman, Jeffrey},
  journal={Science},
  volume={368},
  number={6490},
  pages={489--493},
  year={2020},
  publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@article{maal2023does,
  title={Does normalization of SARS-CoV-2 concentrations by Pepper Mild Mottle Virus improve correlations and lead time between wastewater surveillance and clinical data in Alberta (Canada): comparing twelve SARS-CoV-2 normalization approaches},
  author={Maal-Bared, Rasha and Qiu, Yuanyuan and Li, Qiaozhi and Gao, Tiejun and Hrudey, Steve E and Bhavanam, Sudha and Ruecker, Norma J and Ellehoj, Erik and Lee, Bonita E and Pang, Xiaoli},
  journal={Science of The Total Environment},
  volume={856},
  pages={158964},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{manor1999detection,
  title={Detection of poliovirus circulation by environmental surveillance in the absence of clinical cases in Israel and the Palestinian authority},
  author={Manor, Y and Handsher, R and Halmut, T and Neuman, M and Bobrov, A and Rudich, H and Vonsover, A and Shulman, L and Kew, O and Mendelson, E},
  journal={Journal of clinical microbiology},
  volume={37},
  number={6},
  pages={1670--1675},
  year={1999},
  publisher={Am Soc Microbiol}
}

@article{melvin2021novel,
  title={A novel wastewater-based epidemiology indexing method predicts SARS-CoV-2 disease prevalence across treatment facilities in metropolitan and regional populations},
  author={Melvin, Richard G and Hendrickson, Emily N and Chaudhry, Nabiha and Georgewill, Onimitein and Freese, Rebecca and Schacker, Timothy W and Simmons, Glenn E},
  journal={Scientific reports},
  volume={11},
  number={1},
  pages={1--9},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{nishiura2020estimation,
  title={Estimation of the asymptomatic ratio of novel coronavirus infections (COVID-19)},
  author={Nishiura, Hiroshi and Kobayashi, Tetsuro and Miyama, Takeshi and Suzuki, Ayako and Jung, Sung-mok and Hayashi, Katsuma and Kinoshita, Ryo and Yang, Yichi and Yuan, Baoyin and Akhmetzhanov, Andrei R and others},
  journal={International journal of infectious diseases},
  volume={94},
  pages={154--155},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{oran2020prevalence,
  title={Prevalence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review},
  author={Oran, Daniel P and Topol, Eric J},
  journal={Annals of internal medicine},
  volume={173},
  number={5},
  pages={362--367},
  year={2020},
  publisher={American College of Physicians}
}

@article{parasa2020prevalence,
  title={Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal viral shedding in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis},
  author={Parasa, Sravanthi and Desai, Madhav and Chandrasekar, Viveksandeep Thoguluva and Patel, Harsh K and Kennedy, Kevin F and Roesch, Thomas and Spadaccini, Marco and Colombo, Matteo and Gabbiadini, Roberto and Artifon, Everson LA and others},
  journal={JAMA network open},
  volume={3},
  number={6},
  pages={e2011335--e2011335},
  year={2020},
  publisher={American Medical Association}
}

@article{peccia2020measurement,
  title={Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater tracks community infection dynamics},
  author={Peccia, Jordan and Zulli, Alessandro and Brackney, Doug E and Grubaugh, Nathan D and Kaplan, Edward H and Casanovas-Massana, Arnau and Ko, Albert I and Malik, Amyn A and Wang, Dennis and Wang, Mike and others},
  journal={Nature biotechnology},
  volume={38},
  number={10},
  pages={1164--1167},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{post2020dynamic,
  title={Dynamic public health surveillance to track and mitigate the US COVID-19 epidemic: longitudinal trend analysis study},
  author={Post, Lori Ann and Issa, Tariq Ziad and Boctor, Michael J and Moss, Charles B and Murphy, Robert L and Ison, Michael G and Achenbach, Chad J and Resnick, Danielle and Singh, Lauren Nadya and White, Janine and others},
  journal={Journal of medical Internet research},
  volume={22},
  number={12},
  pages={e24286},
  year={2020},
  publisher={JMIR Publications Inc., Toronto, Canada}
}

@manual{r2022,
  title={R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
  author={{R Core Team}},
  organization={R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
  address={Vienna, Austria},
  year={2022},
  url={https://www.R-project.org/},
}

@article{randazzo2020sars,
  title={SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area},
  author={Randazzo, Walter and Truchado, Pilar and Cuevas-Ferrando, Enric and Sim{\'o}n, Pedro and Allende, Ana and S{\'a}nchez, Gloria},
  journal={Water research},
  volume={181},
  pages={115942},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{rice1984bandwidth,
  title={Bandwidth choice for nonparametric regression},
  author={Rice, John},
  journal={The Annals of Statistics},
  pages={1215--1230},
  year={1984},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@article{rosario2009pepper,
  title={Pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator of fecal pollution},
  author={Rosario, Karyna and Symonds, Erin M and Sinigalliano, Christopher and Stewart, Jill and Breitbart, Mya},
  journal={Applied and environmental microbiology},
  volume={75},
  number={22},
  pages={7261--7267},
  year={2009},
  publisher={Am Soc Microbiol}
}

@article{weidhaas2021correlation,
  title={Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater with COVID-19 disease burden in sewersheds},
  author={Weidhaas, Jennifer and Aanderud, Zachary T and Roper, D Keith and VanDerslice, James and Gaddis, Erica Brown and Ostermiller, Jeff and Hoffman, Ken and Jamal, Rubayat and Heck, Phillip and Zhang, Yue and others},
  journal={Science of The Total Environment},
  volume={775},
  pages={145790},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{wong2020detection,
  title={Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in fecal specimens of patients with confirmed COVID-19: a meta-analysis},
  author={Wong, Martin CS and Huang, Junjie and Lai, Christopher and Ng, Rita and Chan, Francis KL and Chan, Paul KS},
  journal={Journal of Infection},
  volume={81},
  number={2},
  pages={e31--e38},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{ye2016survivability,
  title={Survivability, partitioning, and recovery of enveloped viruses in untreated municipal wastewater},
  author={Ye, Yinyin and Ellenberg, Robert M and Graham, Katherine E and Wigginton, Krista R},
  journal={Environmental science \& technology},
  volume={50},
  number={10},
  pages={5077--5085},
  year={2016},
  publisher={ACS Publications}
}

@article{zhang2006rna,
  title={RNA viral community in human feces: prevalence of plant pathogenic viruses},
  author={Zhang, Tao and Breitbart, Mya and Lee, Wah Heng and Run, Jin-Quan and Wei, Chia Lin and Soh, Shirlena Wee Ling and Hibberd, Martin L and Liu, Edison T and Rohwer, Forest and Ruan, Yijun},
  journal={PLoS biology},
  volume={4},
  number={1},
  pages={e3},
  year={2006},
  publisher={Public Library of Science San Francisco, USA}
}

@article{zhan2022relationships,
  title={Relationships between SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and COVID-19 clinical cases and hospitalizations, with and without normalization against indicators of human waste},
  author={Zhan, Qingyu and Babler, Kristina M and Sharkey, Mark E and Amirali, Ayaaz and Beaver, Cynthia C and Boone, Melinda M and Comerford, Samuel and Cooper, Daniel and Cortizas, Elena M and Currall, Benjamin B and others},
  journal={ACS ES\&T Water},
  year={2022},
  publisher={ACS Publications}
}