01-distribution.Rmd

# Distributions {#distributions}

---

```{r ridgeline-distribution-intro-image, echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', fig.cap="Ridgeline Chart", out.width = '50%'}
knitr::include_graphics("https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/294-basic-ridgeline-plot_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png")
```

## Boxplot

---

This is the [boxplot](https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/boxplot.html) section of the gallery. If you want to know more about this kind of chart, visit [data-to-viz.com](https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/boxplot.html). If you're looking for a simple way to implement it in R, pick an example below.

[Boxplots](https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/boxplot.html) are a commonly used chart that compares a distribution of several groups. However, you should keep in mind that data <u>distribution is hidden</u> behind each box. For instance, a normal distribution could look exactly the same as a bimodal distribution. Please read [more explanation](https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/boxplot.html) on this matter, and consider a [violin plot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/violin.html) or a [ridgline chart](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/ridgeline-plot.html) instead.

#### Boxplot with Individual Data Points

A [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html) summarizes the distribution of a continuous variable. it is often criticized for hiding the underlying distribution of each group. Thus, showing individual observation using jitter on top of boxes is a good practice. This section explains how to do so using [ggplot2](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/ggplot2-package.html).

If you're not convinced about that danger of using basic boxplot, please read [this section](https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/boxplot.html) that explains it in depth. Fortunately, [ggplot2](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/ggplot2-package.html) makes it a breeze to add invdividual observation on top of boxes thanks to the `geom_jitter()` function. This function shifts all dots by a random value ranging from 0 to `size`, avoiding overlaps.

Now, do you see the bimodal distribution hidden behind group B?

```{r boxplot-individual-data-points, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Libraries
library(tidyverse)
library(hrbrthemes)
library(viridis)
# create a dataset
data <- data.frame(
  name=c( rep("A",500), rep("B",500), rep("B",500), rep("C",20), rep('D', 100)  ),
  value=c( rnorm(500, 10, 5), rnorm(500, 13, 1), rnorm(500, 18, 1), rnorm(20, 25, 4), rnorm(100, 12, 1) )
)
# Plot
data %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=name, y=value, fill=name)) +
    geom_boxplot() +
    scale_fill_viridis(discrete = TRUE, alpha=0.6) +
    geom_jitter(color="black", size=0.4, alpha=0.9) +
    theme_ipsum() +
    theme(
      legend.position="none",
      plot.title = element_text(size=11)
    ) +
    ggtitle("A boxplot with jitter") +
    xlab("")
```

In case you're not convinced, here is how the basic boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html) and the basic [violin plot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/violin.html) look like:

```{r boxplot-basic, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Boxplot basic
data %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=name, y=value, fill=name)) +
    geom_boxplot() +
    scale_fill_viridis(discrete = TRUE, alpha=0.6, option="A") +
    theme_ipsum() +
    theme(
      legend.position="none",
      plot.title = element_text(size=11)
    ) +
    ggtitle("Basic boxplot") +
    xlab("")
```

```{r boxplot-violin-basic, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Violin basic
data %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=name, y=value, fill=name)) +
    geom_violin() +
    scale_fill_viridis(discrete = TRUE, alpha=0.6, option="A") +
    theme_ipsum() +
    theme(
      legend.position="none",
      plot.title = element_text(size=11)
    ) +
    ggtitle("Violin chart") +
    xlab("")
```

### Ggplot2

---

Boxplot are built thanks to the `geom_boxplot()` geom of ggplot2. See its basic usage on the first example below. Note that reordering groups is an important step to get a more insightful figure. Also, showing individual data points with jittering is a good way to avoid hiding the underlying distribution.

#### Basic Ggplot2 Boxplot

The [ggplot2 library](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/ggplot2-package.html) allows to make a [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html) using `geom_boxplot()`. You have to specify a quantitative variable for the Y axis, and a qualitative variable for the X axis ( a group).

```{r boxplot-ggplot-basic, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Load ggplot2
library(ggplot2)
 
# The mtcars dataset is natively available
# head(mtcars)
 
# A really basic boxplot.
ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=as.factor(cyl), y=mpg)) + 
    geom_boxplot(fill="slateblue", alpha=0.2) + 
    xlab("cyl")
```

### Ggplot2 Boxplot Parameters

This chart extends the previous most basic boxplot described in [graph #262](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/262-basic-boxplot-with-ggplot2.html). It describes the option you can apply to the `geom_boxplot()` function to custom the general chart appearance.

<u>Note on notches</u>: useful to compare groups: if no overlap between 2 groups, medians are significantly different.

```{r boxplot-ggplot-parameters, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Load ggplot2
library(ggplot2)
 
# The mpg dataset is natively available
#head(mpg)
 
# geom_boxplot proposes several arguments to custom appearance
ggplot(mpg, aes(x=class, y=hwy)) + 
    geom_boxplot(
        
        # custom boxes
        color="blue",
        fill="blue",
        alpha=0.2,
        
        # Notch?
        notch=TRUE,
        notchwidth = 0.8,
        
        # custom outliers
        outlier.colour="red",
        outlier.fill="red",
        outlier.size=3
    
    )
```

### Control ggplot2 Boxplot Colors

A [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html) summarizes the distribution of a continuous variable. Different color scales can be apply to it, and this section describes how to do so using the ggplot2 library. It is notably described how to highlight a specific group of interest.

#### General Color Customization

These for examples illustrate the most common color scales used in [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html). 

Note the use of [RcolorBrewer](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/38-rcolorbrewers-palettes.html) and viridis to automatically generate nice color palette.

```{r boxplot-ggplot-color-customization, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# library
library(ggplot2)
 
# The mtcars dataset is natively available in R
#head(mpg)
# Top Left: Set a unique color with fill, colour, and alpha
ggplot(mpg, aes(x=class, y=hwy)) + 
    geom_boxplot(color="red", fill="orange", alpha=0.2)
```

 
```{r boxplot-ggplot-color-by-group, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE} 
# Top Right: Set a different color for each group
ggplot(mpg, aes(x=class, y=hwy, fill=class)) + 
    geom_boxplot(alpha=0.3) +
    theme(legend.position="none")
```


```{r boxplot-ggplot-color-by-group-two, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Bottom Left
ggplot(mpg, aes(x=class, y=hwy, fill=class)) + 
    geom_boxplot(alpha=0.3) +
    theme(legend.position="none") +
    scale_fill_brewer(palette="BuPu")
```

```{r boxplot-ggplot-color-by-group-three, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Bottom Right
ggplot(mpg, aes(x=class, y=hwy, fill=class)) + 
    geom_boxplot(alpha=0.3) +
    theme(legend.position="none") +
    scale_fill_brewer(palette="Dark2")
```

### Highlighting a Group

Highlighting the main message conveid by your chart is an important step in dataviz. If your story focuses on a specific group, you should highlight it in your boxplot.

To do so, first create a new column with `mutate` where you store the binary information: highlight or not. Then just provide this column to the `fill` argument of ggplot2 and eventually custom the appearance of the highlighted group with `scale_fill_manual` and `scale_alpha_manual`.

```{r boxplot-ggplot-highlight-group, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(hrbrthemes)
# Work with the natively available mpg dataset
mpg %>% 
  
  # Add a column called 'type': do we want to highlight the group or not?
  mutate( type=ifelse(class=="subcompact","Highlighted","Normal")) %>%
  
  # Build the boxplot. In the 'fill' argument, give this column
  ggplot( aes(x=class, y=hwy, fill=type, alpha=type)) + 
    geom_boxplot() +
    scale_fill_manual(values=c("#69b3a2", "grey")) +
    scale_alpha_manual(values=c(1,0.1)) +
    theme_ipsum() +
    theme(legend.position = "none") +
    xlab("")
```


### Grouped Boxplot

A grouped boxplot is a [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html) where categories are organized in groups and subgroups.

Here we visualize the distribution of 7 groups (called A to G) and 2 subgroups (called low and high). Note that the group must be called in the `X` argument of `ggplot2`. The subgroup is called in the `fill` argument.

```{r boxplot-ggplot-grouped, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# library
library(ggplot2)
 
# create a data frame
variety=rep(LETTERS[1:7], each=40)
treatment=rep(c("high","low"),each=20)
note=seq(1:280)+sample(1:150, 280, replace=T)
data=data.frame(variety, treatment ,  note)
 
# grouped boxplot
ggplot(data, aes(x=variety, y=note, fill=treatment)) + 
    geom_boxplot()
```

### Using Small Multiple

Note that an alternative to grouped boxplot is to use [faceting](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/223-faceting-with-ggplot2.html): each subgroup (left) or each group (right) is represented in a distinct panel.

```{r boxplot-ggplot-small-multiple, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# One box per treatment
p1 <- ggplot(data, aes(x=variety, y=note, fill=treatment)) + 
    geom_boxplot() +
    facet_wrap(~treatment)
# one box per variety
p2 <- ggplot(data, aes(x=variety, y=note, fill=treatment)) + 
    geom_boxplot() +
    facet_wrap(~variety, scale="free")
```

```{r boxplot-ggplot-small-multiple-one, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
p1
```


```{r boxplot-ggplot-small-multiple-two, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
p2
```

### Ggplot2 Boxplot with Variable Width

[Boxplots](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html) hide the category sample sizes. One way to tackle this issue is to build boxplot with width proportionnal to sample size. Here is how to do it with R and ggplot2. Boxplot are often critized for hiding the underlying distribution of each category. Since individual data points are hidden, it is also impossible to know what sample size is available for each category.

In this example, box widths are proportional to sample size thanks to the `varwidth` option. On top of that, the exact sample size is added to the X axis labels for more accuracy.

```{r boxplot-ggplot-variable-width, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# library
library(ggplot2)
 
# create data
names <- c(rep("A", 20) , rep("B", 5) , rep("C", 30), rep("D", 100))
value <- c( sample(2:5, 20 , replace=T) , sample(4:10, 5 , replace=T), sample(1:7, 30 , replace=T), sample(3:8, 100 , replace=T) )
data <- data.frame(names,value)
 
# prepare a special xlab with the number of obs for each group
my_xlab <- paste(levels(data$names),"\n(N=",table(data$names),")",sep="")
 
# plot
ggplot(data, aes(x=names, y=value, fill=names)) +
    geom_boxplot(varwidth = TRUE, alpha=0.2) +
    theme(legend.position="none") +
    scale_x_discrete(labels=my_xlab)
```

### Ggplot2 Boxplot from Continuous Variable

Let's say we want to study the relationship between 2 numeric variables. It is possible to cut on of them in different bins, and to use the created groups to build a [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html).

Here, the numeric variable called `carat` from the `diamonds` dataset in cut in 0.5 length bins thanks to the `cut_width` function. Then, we just need to provide the newly created variable to the X axis of `ggplot2`.

```{r boxplot-ggplot-continuous-variable, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# library
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(hrbrthemes)
# Start with the diamonds dataset, natively available in R:
p <- diamonds %>%
  
  # Add a new column called 'bin': cut the initial 'carat' in bins
  mutate( bin=cut_width(carat, width=0.5, boundary=0) ) %>%
  
  # plot
  ggplot( aes(x=bin, y=price) ) +
    geom_boxplot(fill="#69b3a2") +
    theme_ipsum() +
    xlab("Carat")
p
```

### Ggplot2 Boxplot with Mean Value

[Ggplot2](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/ggplot2-package.html) allows to show the average value of each group using the `stat_summary()` function. No more need to calculate your mean values before plotting.

```{r boxplot-ggplot-mean-value, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Library
library(ggplot2)
 
# create data
names=c(rep("A", 20) , rep("B", 8) , rep("C", 30), rep("D", 80))
value=c( sample(2:5, 20 , replace=T) , sample(4:10, 8 , replace=T), sample(1:7, 30 , replace=T), sample(3:8, 80 , replace=T) )
data=data.frame(names,value)
 
# plot
p <- ggplot(data, aes(x=names, y=value, fill=names)) +
    geom_boxplot(alpha=0.7) +
    stat_summary(fun.y=mean, geom="point", shape=20, size=14, color="red", fill="red") +
    theme(legend.position="none") +
    scale_fill_brewer(palette="Set1")
p
```

### Basic R

Build boxplot with base R is totally double thanks to the `boxplot()` function. A boxplot summarizes the distribution of a numeric variable for one or several groups. It can be useful to add colors to specific groups to highlight them. For example, positive and negative controls are likely to be in different colors.

```{r boxplot-base-r-build-boxplot,, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
#Create data
names <- c(rep("Maestro", 20) , rep("Presto", 20) , 
      rep("Nerak", 20), rep("Eskimo", 20), rep("Nairobi", 20), rep("Artiko", 20))
value <- c(  sample(3:10, 20 , replace=T) , sample(2:5, 20 , replace=T) , 
      sample(6:10, 20 , replace=T), sample(6:10, 20 , replace=T) , 
      sample(1:7, 20 , replace=T), sample(3:10, 20 , replace=T) )
data <- data.frame(names,value)
# Prepare a vector of colors with specific color for Nairobi and Eskimo
myColors <- ifelse(levels(data$names)=="Nairobi" , rgb(0.1,0.1,0.7,0.5) , 
              ifelse(levels(data$names)=="Eskimo", rgb(0.8,0.1,0.3,0.6),
              "grey90" ) )
# Build the plot
boxplot(data$value ~ data$names , 
    col=myColors , 
    ylab="disease" , xlab="- variety -")
 
# Add a legend
legend("bottomleft", legend = c("Positiv control","Negativ control") , 
    col = c(rgb(0.1,0.1,0.7,0.5) , rgb(0.8,0.1,0.3,0.6)) , bty = "n", pch=20 , pt.cex = 3, cex = 1, horiz = FALSE, inset = c(0.03, 0.1))
```

### Basic R: X Axis Labels on Several Lines

It is a common practice to display the X axis label on several lines. Here is an example applied to a boxplot. 

It can be handy to display X axis labels on several lines. For instance, to add the number of values present in each box of a [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html).

How it works:

* Change the names of your categories using the `names()` function.
* Use `\n` to start new line.
* Increase the distance between the labels and the X axis with the `mgp` argument of the `par()` function. It avoids overlap with the axis.

<u>Note</u>: `mgp` is a numeric vector of length 3, which sets the axis label locations relative to the edge of the inner plot window. Default value : `c(3,1,0)`. First value : location the labels (`xlab` and `ylab` in plot). Second value : location of the tick-mark labels (what we want to lower). Third Value : position of the tick marks

```{r boxplot-ggplot-x-axis-several-lines, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Create 2 vectors
a <- sample(2:24, 20 , replace=T)
b <- sample(4:14, 8 , replace=T)
 
# Make a list of these 2 vectors
C <- list(a,b)
 
# Change the names of the elements of the list :
names(C) <- c(paste("Category 1\n n=" , length(a) , sep=""), paste("Category 2\n n=" , length(b) , sep=""))
 
# Change the mgp argument: avoid text overlaps axis
par(mgp=c(3,2,0))
 
# Final Boxplot
boxplot(C , col="#69b3a2" , ylab="value" )
```

### Boxplot with Jitter in Base R

[Boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html) hides the distribution behind each group. This section show how to tackle this issue in base R, adding individual observation using dots with jittering. Boxplot can be dangerous: the exact distribution of each group is hidden behind boxes as explained in [data-to-viz](https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/boxplot.html).

If the amount of observation is not too high, you can add individual observations on top of boxes, using jittering to avoid dot overlap. 

In `base R`, it is done manually creating a function that adds dot one by one, computing a random X position for all of them.

```{r boxplot-base-r-jitter, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
library(formatR)
# Create data
names <- c(rep("A", 80) , rep("B", 50) , rep("C", 70))
value <- c( rnorm(80 , mean=10 , sd=9) , rnorm(50 , mean=2 , sd=15) , rnorm(70 , mean=30 , sd=10) )
data <- data.frame(names,value)
 
# Basic boxplot
boxplot(data$value ~ data$names , col=terrain.colors(4) )
 
# Add data points
mylevels <- levels(data$names)
#levelProportions <- summary(data$names)/nrow(data)
for(i in 1:length(mylevels)){
 
  thislevel <- mylevels[i]
  thisvalues <- data[data$names==thislevel, "value"]
   
  # take the x-axis indices and add a jitter, proportional to the N in each level
  myjitter <- jitter(rep(i, length(thisvalues)), amount=levelProportions[i]/2)
  points(myjitter, thisvalues, pch=20, col=rgb(0,0,0,.9)) 
   
}
```

### Ordering Boxplots in Base R

This section is dedicated to [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html) ordering in base R. It describes 3 common use cases of reordering issue with code and explanation.

#### Reordering Category by Median

The most common need is to reorder categories by increasing median. It allows to quickly spot what group has the highest value and how categories are ranked. It is accomplished using the `reorder()` function in combination with the `with()` function as suggested below:

```{r boxplot-base-r-reordering-category-by-median, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Create data : 7 varieties / 20 samples per variety / a numeric value for each sample
variety <- rep( c("soldur", "silur", "lloyd", "pescadou", "X4582", "Dudur", "Classic"), each=20)
note <- c( sample(2:5, 20 , replace=T) , sample(6:10, 20 , replace=T),
        sample(1:7, 30 , replace=T), sample(3:10, 70 , replace=T) )
data <- data.frame(variety, note)
 
# Create a vector named "new_order" containing the desired order
new_order <- with(data, reorder(variety , note, median , na.rm=T))
 
# Draw the boxplot using this new order
boxplot(data$note ~ new_order , ylab="sickness" , col="#69b3a2", boxwex=0.4 , main="")
```

### Give a Specific Order

[Boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html) categories are provided in a column of the input data frame. This column needs to be a `factor`, and has several `levels`. Categories are displayed on the chart following the order of this factor, often in alphabetical order.

Sometimes, we need to show groups in a specific order (A,D,C,B here). This can be done by reordering the levels, using the `factor()` function.

```{r boxplot-base-r-specific-order, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
#Creating data 
names <- c(rep("A", 20) , rep("B", 20) , rep("C", 20), rep("D", 20))
value <- c( sample(2:5, 20 , replace=T) , sample(6:10, 20 , replace=T), 
       sample(1:7, 20 , replace=T), sample(3:10, 20 , replace=T) )
data <- data.frame(names,value)
 
# Classic boxplot (A-B-C-D order)
# boxplot(data$value ~ data$names)
 
# I reorder the groups order : I change the order of the factor data$names
data$names <- factor(data$names , levels=c("A", "D", "C", "B"))
 
#The plot is now ordered !
boxplot(data$value ~ data$names , col=rgb(0.3,0.5,0.4,0.6) , ylab="value" , 
    xlab="names in desired order")
```

### Grouped and Ordered Boxplot

In a grouped boxplot, categories are organized in groups and subgroups. For instance, let's take several varieties (group) that are grown in high or low temperature (subgroup).

Here both subgroups are represented one beside each other, and groups are ranked by increasing median:

```{r boxplot-base-r-grouped-ordered, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Create dummy data
variety <- rep( c("soldur", "silur", "lloyd", "pescadou", "X4582", "Dudur", "Classic"), each=40)
treatment <- rep(c(rep("high" , 20) , rep("low" , 20)) , 7)
note <- c( rep(c(sample(0:4, 20 , replace=T) , sample(1:6, 20 , replace=T)),2), 
          rep(c(sample(5:7, 20 , replace=T), sample(5:9, 20 , replace=T)),2), 
          c(sample(0:4, 20 , replace=T) , sample(2:5, 20 , replace=T), 
          rep(c(sample(6:8, 20 , replace=T) , sample(7:10, 20 , replace=T)),2) ))
data=data.frame(variety, treatment ,  note)
 
# Reorder varieties (group) (mixing low and high treatments for the calculations)
new_order <- with(data, reorder(variety , note, mean , na.rm=T))
 
# Then I make the boxplot, asking to use the 2 factors : variety (in the good order) AND treatment :
par(mar=c(3,4,3,1))
myplot <- boxplot(note ~ treatment*new_order , data=data  , 
        boxwex=0.4 , ylab="sickness",
        main="sickness of several wheat lines" , 
        col=c("slateblue1" , "tomato") ,  
        xaxt="n")
 
# To add the label of x axis
my_names <- sapply(strsplit(myplot$names , '\\.') , function(x) x[[2]] )
my_names <- my_names[seq(1 , length(my_names) , 2)]
axis(1, 
     at = seq(1.5 , 14 , 2), 
     labels = my_names , 
     tick=FALSE , cex=0.3)
# Add the grey vertical lines
for(i in seq(0.5 , 20 , 2)){ 
  abline(v=i,lty=1, col="grey")
  }
 
# Add a legend
legend("bottomright", legend = c("High treatment", "Low treatment"), 
       col=c("slateblue1" , "tomato"),
       pch = 15, bty = "n", pt.cex = 3, cex = 1.2,  horiz = F, inset = c(0.1, 0.1))
```

### Add Text over Boxplot in Base R

This examples demonstrates how to build a [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html) with sample size written on top of each box. It is useful to indicate what sample size is hidden behind each box. Basic R implementation. 

The first challenge here is to recover the position of the top part of each box. This is done by saving the `boxplot()` result in an object (called `boundaries` here). Now, typing `boundaries$stats` gives a dataframe with all information concerning boxes.

Then, it is possible to use the `text` function to add labels on top of each box. This function takes 3 inputs:

* x axis positions of the labels. In our case, it will be 1,2,3,4 for 4 boxes.
* y axis positions, available in the boundaries$stats object.
* text of the labels : the number of value per group or whatever else.

```{r boxplot-base-r-add-text-over, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Dummy data
names <- c(rep("A", 20) , rep("B", 8) , rep("C", 30), rep("D", 80))
value <- c( sample(2:5, 20 , replace=T) , sample(4:10, 8 , replace=T), 
       sample(1:7, 30 , replace=T), sample(3:8, 80 , replace=T) )
data <- data.frame(names,value)
 
# Draw the boxplot. Note result is also stored in a object called boundaries
boundaries <- boxplot(data$value ~ data$names , col="#69b3a2" , ylim=c(1,11))
# Now you can type boundaries$stats to get the boundaries of the boxes
# Add sample size on top
nbGroup <- nlevels(data$names)
text( 
  x=c(1:nbGroup), 
  y=boundaries$stats[nrow(boundaries$stats),] + 0.5, 
  paste("n = ",table(data$names),sep="")  
)
```

### Tukey Test and Boxplot in R

A Tukey test compares all possible pair of means for a set of categories. This section explains how to perform it in R and host to represent the result on a [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html).

[Tukey test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukey's_range_test) is a single-step multiple comparison procedure and statistical test. It is a section-hoc analysis, what means that it is used in conjunction with an ANOVA. It allows to find means of a factor that are significantly different from each other, comparing all possible pairs of means with a t-test like method. ([Read more](http://vassarstats.net/textbook/ch14pt2.html) for the exact procedure)

In R, the `multcompView` allows to run the Tukey test thanks to the `TukeyHSD()` function. It also offers a chart that shows the mean difference for each pair of group.

```{r tukey-test-boxplot-base-r, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# library
library(multcompView)
 
# Create data
set.seed(1)
treatment <- rep(c("A", "B", "C", "D", "E"), each=20) 
value=c( sample(2:5, 20 , replace=T) , sample(6:10, 20 , replace=T), sample(1:7, 20 , replace=T), sample(3:10, 20 , replace=T) , sample(10:20, 20 , replace=T) )
data=data.frame(treatment,value)
 
# What is the effect of the treatment on the value ?
model=lm( data$value ~ data$treatment )
ANOVA=aov(model)
 
# Tukey test to study each pair of treatment :
TUKEY <- TukeyHSD(x=ANOVA, 'data$treatment', conf.level=0.95)
 
# Tuckey test representation :
plot(TUKEY , las=1 , col="brown")
```


### Tukey test result on top of boxplot

The previous chart showed no significant difference between groups A and C, and between D and B.

It is possible to represent this information in a [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html). Group A and C are represented using a similar way: same color, and same 'b' letter on top. And so on for B-D and for E.

Tukey test results on top of Bhart showed no significant difference between groups A and C, and between D and B.

It is possible to represent this information in a boxplot. Group A and C are represented using a similar way: same color, and same 'b' letter on top. And so on for B-D and for E.

```{r tukey-test-boxplot-top-of-boxplot, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# I need to group the treatments that are not different each other together.
generate_label_df <- function(TUKEY, variable){
 
     # Extract labels and factor levels from Tukey section-hoc 
     Tukey.levels <- TUKEY[[variable]][,4]
     Tukey.labels <- data.frame(multcompLetters(Tukey.levels)['Letters'])
     
     #I need to put the labels in the same order as in the boxplot :
     Tukey.labels$treatment=rownames(Tukey.labels)
     Tukey.labels=Tukey.labels[order(Tukey.labels$treatment) , ]
     return(Tukey.labels)
     }
 
# Apply the function on my dataset
LABELS <- generate_label_df(TUKEY , "data$treatment")
 
 
# A panel of colors to draw each group with the same color :
my_colors <- c( 
  rgb(143,199,74,maxColorValue = 255),
  rgb(242,104,34,maxColorValue = 255), 
  rgb(111,145,202,maxColorValue = 255)
  )
 
# Draw the basic boxplot
a <- boxplot(data$value ~ data$treatment , ylim=c(min(data$value) , 1.1*max(data$value)) , col=my_colors[as.numeric(LABELS[,1])] , ylab="value" , main="")
 
# I want to write the letter over each box. Over is how high I want to write it.
over <- 0.1*max( a$stats[nrow(a$stats),] )
 
#Add the labels
text( c(1:nlevels(data$treatment)) , a$stats[nrow(a$stats),]+over , LABELS[,1]  , col=my_colors[as.numeric(LABELS[,1])] )
```

<u>Note</u>: Tukey test is also called: Tukey's range test / Tukey method / Tukey's honest significance test / Tukey's HSD (honest significant difference) test / Tukey-Kramer method

### Control Box Type with the bty Option

The `bty` option of the `par()` function allows to control the box style of base R charts. This section provides a few examples illustrating how this option works. 

The `bty` option of the `par()` function allows to custom the box around the plot. 

Several letters are possible. Shape of the letter represents the boundaries:

* `o`: complete box (default parameter),
* `n`: no box
* `7`: top + right
* `L`: bottom + left
* `C`: top + left + bottom
* `U`: left + bottom + right

```{r boxplot-base-r-control-boxtop-bty-option, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Cut the screen in 4 parts
par(mfrow=c(2,2))
 
#Create data
a=seq(1,29)+4*runif(29,0.4)
b=seq(1,29)^2+runif(29,0.98)
 
# First graph
par(bty="l")
boxplot(a , col="#69b3a2" , xlab="bottom & left box")
# Second
par(bty="o")
boxplot(b , col="#69b3a2" , xlab="complete box", horizontal=TRUE)
# Third
par(bty="c")
boxplot(a , col="#69b3a2" , xlab="up & bottom & left box", width=0.5)
# Fourth
par(bty="n")
boxplot(a , col="#69b3a2" , xlab="no box")
```


### Split Base R Plot Window with `layout()`

The `layout()` function of `R` allows to split the plot window in areas with custom sizes. Here are a few examples illustrating how to use it with reproducible code and explanation. Layout divides the device up into as many rows and columns as there are in matrix mat.

Here a matrix is created with `matrix(c(1,2), ncol=1)` -> 1 column, 2 rows. This is what I get in the chart!

#### 2 Rows
 
<u>Note</u>: this could be done using `par(mfrow=c(1,2))` as well. But this option does not allow the customization we'll see further in this section.

```{r split-base-r-plot-window, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Dummy data
a <- seq(129,1)+4*runif(129,0.4)
b <- seq(1,129)^2+runif(129,0.98)
 
# Create the layout
nf <- layout( matrix(c(1,2), ncol=1) )
# Fill with plots
hist(a , breaks=30 , border=F , col=rgb(0.1,0.8,0.3,0.5) , xlab="distribution of a" , main="")
boxplot(a , xlab="a" , col=rgb(0.8,0.8,0.3,0.5) , las=2)
```

#### 2 Columns

Here I create the matrix with `matrix(c(1,2), ncol=2)` -> 2 columns, 1 row. This is what I get in the chart!

<u>Note</u>: if you swap to `c(2,1)`, second chart will be on top, first at the bottom

```{r two-column-layout-base-r, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Dummy data
a <- seq(129,1)+4*runif(129,0.4)
b <- seq(1,129)^2+runif(129,0.98)
 
# Create the layout
nf <- layout( matrix(c(1,2), ncol=2) )
# Fill with plots
hist(a , breaks=30 , border=F , col=rgb(0.1,0.8,0.3,0.5) , xlab="distribution of a" , main="")
boxplot(a , xlab="a" , col=rgb(0.8,0.8,0.3,0.5) , las=2)
```

### Subdivide Second Row

`matrix(c(1,1,2,3), nrow=2)` creates a matrix of 2 rows and 2 columns. First 2 panels will be for the first chart, the third for chart2 and the last for chart 3.

```{r subdivide-second-row, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Dummy data
a <- seq(129,1)+4*runif(129,0.4)
b <- seq(1,129)^2+runif(129,0.98)
 
# Create the layout
nf <- layout( matrix(c(1,1,2,3), nrow=2, byrow=TRUE) )
# Fill with plots
hist(a , breaks=30 , border=F , col=rgb(0.1,0.8,0.3,0.5) , xlab="distribution of a" , main="")
boxplot(a , xlab="a" , col=rgb(0.8,0.8,0.3,0.5) , las=2)
boxplot(b , xlab="b" , col=rgb(0.4,0.2,0.3,0.5) , las=2)
```

### Custom Proportions

You can custom columns and row proportions with `widths` and `heights`.

Here, `widths=c(3,1)` means first column takes three quarters of the plot window width, second takes one quarter.

```r
# Dummy data
a <- seq(129,1)+4*runif(129,0.4)
b <- seq(1,129)^2+runif(129,0.98)
 
# Set the layout
nf <- layout(
  matrix(c(1,1,2,3), ncol=2, byrow=TRUE), 
  widths=c(3,1), 
  heights=c(2,2)
)
#Add the plots
hist(a , breaks=30 , border=F , col=rgb(0.1,0.8,0.3,0.5) , xlab="distribution of a" , main="")
boxplot(a , xlab="a" , col=rgb(0.8,0.8,0.3,0.5) , las=2)
boxplot(b , xlab="b" , col=rgb(0.4,0.2,0.3,0.5) , las=2)
```

![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/75-split-screen-with-layout_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-1.png)


## Density

---

Welcome in the [density plot](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/density.html) section of the gallery. If you want to know more about this kind of chart, visit [data-to-viz.com](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/density.html). A density plot shows the distribution of a numeric variable. In ggplot2, the `geom_density()` function takes care of the kernel density estimation and plot the results. A common task in dataviz is to compare the distribution of several groups. 

### Basic density chart with ggplot2

A [density plot](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/density.html) is a representation of the distribution of a numeric variable. It is a smoothed version of the [histogram](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/histogram.html) and is used in the same kind of situation. Here is a basic example built with the [ggplot2](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/ggplot2-package.html) library. 

Density plots are built in ggplot2 thanks to the `geom_density` geom. Only one numeric variable is need as input.

```r
# Libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
# Load dataset from github
data <- read.table("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/holtzy/data_to_viz/master/Example_dataset/1_OneNum.csv", header=TRUE)
# Make the histogram
data %>%
  filter( price<300 ) %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=price)) +
    geom_density(fill="#69b3a2", color="#e9ecef", alpha=0.8)
```

![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/21-distribution-plot-using-ggplot2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-1-1.png)

### Custom with `theme_ipsum`

The `hrbrthemes` package offer a set of pre-built themes for your charts. I am personnaly a big fan of the `theme_ipsum`: easy to use and makes your chart look more professional:

```r
# Libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(hrbrthemes)
# Load dataset from github
data <- read.table("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/holtzy/data_to_viz/master/Example_dataset/1_OneNum.csv", header=TRUE)
# Make the histogram
data %>%
  filter( price<300 ) %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=price)) +
    geom_density(fill="#69b3a2", color="#e9ecef", alpha=0.8) +
    ggtitle("Night price distribution of Airbnb appartements") +
    theme_ipsum()
```

![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/21-distribution-plot-using-ggplot2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png)

### Mirror Density Chart with ggplot2

A [density plot](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/density.html) is a representation of the distribution of a numeric variable. Comparing the distribution of 2 variables is a common challenge that can be tackled with the mirror density chart: 2 [density charts](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/density-plot.html) are put face to face what allows to efficiently compare them. Here is how to build it with [ggplot2](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/ggplot2-package.html) library.

### Density with `geom_density`

A density chart is built thanks to the `geom_density` geom of ggplot2 (see a [basic example](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/21-distribution-plot-using-ggplot2.html)). It is possible to plot this density upside down by specifying `y = -..density..`. It is advised to use `geom_label` to indicate variable names.

```{r, echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE} 
# Libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(hrbrthemes)
# Dummy data
data <- data.frame(
  var1 = rnorm(1000),
  var2 = rnorm(1000, mean=2)
)
# Chart
p <- ggplot(data, aes(x=x) ) +
  # Top
  geom_density( aes(x = var1, y = ..density..), fill="#69b3a2" ) +
  geom_label( aes(x=4.5, y=0.25, label="variable1"), color="#69b3a2") +
  # Bottom
  geom_density( aes(x = var2, y = -..density..), fill= "#404080") +
  geom_label( aes(x=4.5, y=-0.25, label="variable2"), color="#404080") +
  theme_ipsum() +
  xlab("value of x")
p
```
![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/density_mirror_ggplot2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png)

### Histogram with `geom_histogram`

Of course it is possible to apply exactly the same technique using `geom_histogram` instead of `geom_density` to get a mirror histogram:

```{r histogram-density-chart-ggplot, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Chart
p <- ggplot(data, aes(x=x) ) +
  geom_histogram( aes(x = var1, y = ..density..), fill="#69b3a2" ) +
  geom_label( aes(x=4.5, y=0.25, label="variable1"), color="#69b3a2") +
  geom_histogram( aes(x = var2, y = -..density..), fill= "#404080") +
  geom_label( aes(x=4.5, y=-0.25, label="variable2"), color="#404080") +
  theme_ipsum() +
  xlab("value of x")
p
```

### Density Chart with Several Groups

A [density plot](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/density.html) is a representation of the distribution of a numeric variable. Comparing the distribution of several variables with density charts is possible. Here are a few examples with their [ggplot2](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/ggplot2-package.html) implementation.

### Multi density chart

A multi density chart is a [density chart](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/density-plot.html) where several groups are represented. It allows to compare their distribution. The issue with this kind of chart is that it gets easily <u>cluttered</u>: groups overlap each other and the figure gets unreadable.

An easy workaround is to use <u>transparency</u>. However, it won't solve the issue completely and is is often better to consider the examples suggested further in this document.

```{r, echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(hrbrthemes)
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
library(viridis)
# The diamonds dataset is natively available with R.
# Without transparency (left)
p1 <- ggplot(data=diamonds, aes(x=price, group=cut, fill=cut)) +
    geom_density(adjust=1.5) +
    theme_ipsum()
p1
```
![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/135-stacked-density-graph_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png)

```r
# With transparency (right)
p2 <- ggplot(data=diamonds, aes(x=price, group=cut, fill=cut)) +
    geom_density(adjust=1.5, alpha=.4) +
    theme_ipsum()
p2
```
![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/135-stacked-density-graph_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-2.png)

Here is an example with [another dataset](https://www.data-to-viz.com/story/OneNumOneCatSeveralObs.html) where it works much better. Groups have very distinct distribution, it is easy to spot them even if on the same chart. Note that it is much better to add group name next to their distribution instead of having a legend beside the chart.

```r 
# Load dataset from github
data <- read.table("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zonination/perceptions/master/probly.csv", header=TRUE, sep=",")
data <- data %>%
  gather(key="text", value="value") %>%
  mutate(text = gsub("\\.", " ",text)) %>%
  mutate(value = round(as.numeric(value),0))
# A dataframe for annotations
annot <- data.frame(
  text = c("Almost No Chance", "About Even", "Probable", "Almost Certainly"),
  x = c(5, 53, 65, 79),
  y = c(0.15, 0.4, 0.06, 0.1)
)
# Plot
data %>%
  filter(text %in% c("Almost No Chance", "About Even", "Probable", "Almost Certainly")) %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=value, color=text, fill=text)) +
    geom_density(alpha=0.6) +
    scale_fill_viridis(discrete=TRUE) +
    scale_color_viridis(discrete=TRUE) +
    geom_text( data=annot, aes(x=x, y=y, label=text, color=text), hjust=0, size=4.5) +
    theme_ipsum() +
    theme(
      legend.position="none"
    ) +
    ylab("") +
    xlab("Assigned Probability (%)")
```
![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/135-stacked-density-graph_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png)


### Small Multiple with `facet_wrap()`

Using small multiple is often the best option in my opinion. Distribution of each group gets easy to read, and comparing groups is still possible if they share the same X axis boundaries.

```r
# Using Small multiple
ggplot(data=diamonds, aes(x=price, group=cut, fill=cut)) +
    geom_density(adjust=1.5) +
    theme_ipsum() +
    facet_wrap(~cut) +
    theme(
      legend.position="none",
      panel.spacing = unit(0.1, "lines"),
      axis.ticks.x=element_blank()
    )
```
![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/135-stacked-density-graph_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png)

### Stacked Density Chart

Another solution is to <u>stack</u> the groups. This allows to see what group is the most frequent for a given value, but it makes it hard to understand the distribution of a group that is not on the bottom of the chart.

Visit [data to viz](https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/stacking.html) for a complete explanation on this matter.

```{r stacked-density-chart-ggplot, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Stacked density plot:
p <- ggplot(data=diamonds, aes(x=price, group=cut, fill=cut)) +
    geom_density(adjust=1.5, position="fill") +
    theme_ipsum()
p
```

### Marginal distribution with ggplot2 and ggExtra

This section explains how to add marginal distributions to the X and Y axis of a ggplot2 scatterplot. It can be done using histogram, boxplot or density plot using the ggExtra library.

#### Basic use of `ggMarginal()`

Here are 3 examples of marginal distribution added on X and Y axis of a scatterplot. The `ggExtra` library makes it a breeze thanks to the `ggMarginal()` function. Three main types of distribution are available: [histogram](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/histogram.html), [density](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/density-plot.html) and [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html).

```r
# library
library(ggplot2)
library(ggExtra)
 
# The mtcars dataset is proposed in R
head(mtcars)
 
# classic plot :
p <- ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=wt, y=mpg, color=cyl, size=cyl)) +
      geom_point() +
      theme(legend.position="none")
# with marginal histogram
p1 <- ggMarginal(p, type="histogram")
# marginal density
p2 <- ggMarginal(p, type="density")
# marginal boxplot
p3 <- ggMarginal(p, type="boxplot")
```


```r
p1
```

![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/277-marginal-histogram-for-ggplot2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-1-1.png)

```r
p2
```

![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/277-marginal-histogram-for-ggplot2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png)

```r
p3
```

![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/277-marginal-histogram-for-ggplot2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png)


#### More Customization

Three additional examples to show possible customization:

* Change marginal plot size with `size`.
* Custom marginal plot appearance with all usual parameters.
* Show only one marginal plot with `margins = 'x'` or `margins = 'y'`.

```r
# library
library(ggplot2)
library(ggExtra)
 
# The mtcars dataset is proposed in R
head(mtcars)
 
# classic plot :
p <- ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=wt, y=mpg, color=cyl, size=cyl)) +
      geom_point() +
      theme(legend.position="none")
 
# Set relative size of marginal plots (main plot 10x bigger than marginals)
p1 <- ggMarginal(p, type="histogram", size=10)
 
# Custom marginal plots:
p2 <- ggMarginal(p, type="histogram", fill = "slateblue", xparams = list(  bins=10))
 
# Show only marginal plot for x axis
p3 <- ggMarginal(p, margins = 'x', color="purple", size=4)
```

```r
p1
```

![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/277-marginal-histogram-for-ggplot2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png)

```r
p2
```

![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/277-marginal-histogram-for-ggplot2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png)

```r
p3
```

![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/277-marginal-histogram-for-ggplot2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png)

## Histogram

---

Welcome to the [histogram](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/histogram.html) section of the R graph gallery. If you want to know more about this kind of chart, visit [data-to-viz.com](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/histogram.html). If you're looking for a simple way to implement it in R, pick an example below.

### GGPLOT2

Histograms can be built with `ggplot2` thanks to the `geom_histogram()` function. It requires only 1 numeric variable as input. This function automatically cut the variable in bins and count the number of data point per bin. Remember to try [different bin size](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/220-basic-ggplot2-histogram.html#binSize) using the `binwidth` argument.

### Basic histogram with ggplot2

A [histogram](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/histogram.html) is a representation of the distribution of a numeric variable. This document explains how to build it with R and the [ggplot2 package](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/ggplot2-package.html). You can find more examples in the histogram section.

### Basic Histogram with `geom_histogram`

It is relatively straightforward to build a histogram with `ggplot2` thanks to the `geom_histogram()` function. Only one numeric variable is needed in the input. Note that a warning message is triggered with this code: we need to take care of the bin width as explained in the next section.

```r
# library
library(ggplot2)
 
# dataset:
data=data.frame(value=rnorm(100))
# basic histogram
p <- ggplot(data, aes(x=value)) + 
  geom_histogram()
p
```

![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/220-basic-ggplot2-histogram_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png)

### Control Bin Size with `binwidth`

A histogram takes as input a numeric variable and cuts it into several bins. Playing with the bin size is a very important step, since its value can have a big impact on the histogram appearance and thus on the message you're trying to convey. This concept is explained in depth in [data-to-viz](https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/bin_size.html).

Ggplot2 makes it a breeze to change the bin size thanks to the `binwidth` argument of the `geom_histogram` function. See below the impact it can have on the output.

```r
# Libraries
library(tidyverse)
library(hrbrthemes)
# Load dataset from github
data <- read.table("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/holtzy/data_to_viz/master/Example_dataset/1_OneNum.csv", header=TRUE)
# plot
p <- data %>%
  filter( price<300 ) %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=price)) +
    geom_histogram( binwidth=3, fill="#69b3a2", color="#e9ecef", alpha=0.9) +
    ggtitle("Bin size = 3") +
    theme_ipsum() +
    theme(
      plot.title = element_text(size=15)
    )
p
```

![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/220-basic-ggplot2-histogram_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-2.png)

### Histogram with Several Groups - ggplot2

A [histogram](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/histogram.html) displays the distribution of a numeric variable. A common task is to compare this distribution through several groups. This document explains how to do so using R and [ggplot2](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/ggplot2-package.html).

#### Several Histograms on the Same Axis

If the number of group or variable you have is relatively low, you can display all of them on the same axis, using a bit of transparency to make sure you do not hide any data.

<u>Note</u>: with 2 groups, you can also build a [mirror histogram](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/density_mirror_ggplot2.html)

```r
# library
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(hrbrthemes)
# Build dataset with different distributions
data <- data.frame(
  type = c( rep("variable 1", 1000), rep("variable 2", 1000) ),
  value = c( rnorm(1000), rnorm(1000, mean=4) )
)
# Represent it
p <- data %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=value, fill=type)) +
    geom_histogram( color="#e9ecef", alpha=0.6, position = 'identity') +
    scale_fill_manual(values=c("#69b3a2", "#404080")) +
    theme_ipsum() +
    labs(fill="")
p
```
![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/histogram_several_group_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png)

### Using Small Multiple

If the number of group you need to represent is high, drawing them on the same axis often results in a <u>cluttered</u> and unreadable figure.

A good workaround is to use <u>small multiple</u> where each group is represented in a fraction of the plot window, making the figure easy to read. This is pretty easy to build thanks to the `facet_wrap()` function of ggplot2.

<u>Note</u>: read more about the dataset used in this example [here](https://www.data-to-viz.com/story/OneNumOneCatSeveralObs.html).

```{r histogram-small-multiple-ggplot, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Libraries
library(tidyverse)
library(hrbrthemes)
library(viridis)
library(forcats)
# Load dataset from github
data <- read.table("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zonination/perceptions/master/probly.csv", header=TRUE, sep=",")
data <- data %>%
  gather(key="text", value="value") %>%
  mutate(text = gsub("\\.", " ",text)) %>%
  mutate(value = round(as.numeric(value),0))
# plot
p <- data %>%
  mutate(text = fct_reorder(text, value)) %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=value, color=text, fill=text)) +
    geom_histogram(alpha=0.6, binwidth = 5) +
    scale_fill_viridis(discrete=TRUE) +
    scale_color_viridis(discrete=TRUE) +
    theme_ipsum() +
    theme(
      legend.position="none",
      panel.spacing = unit(0.1, "lines"),
      strip.text.x = element_text(size = 8)
    ) +
    xlab("") +
    ylab("Assigned Probability (%)") +
    facet_wrap(~text)
p
```

### Base R

Of course it is possible to build high quality histograms without ggplot2 or the tidyverse. Here are a few examples illustrating how to proceed.

### Two Histograms with Melt Colors

A [histogram](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/histogram.html) displays the distribution of a numeric variable. This sections explains how to plot 2 histograms on the same axis in Basic R, without any package.

[Histograms](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/histogram.html) are commonly used in data analysis to observe distribution of variables. A common task in data visualization is to compare the distribution of 2 variables simultaneously.

Here is a tip to plot 2 histograms together (using the `add` function) with transparency (using the [rgb](https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/grDevices/html/rgb.html) function) to keep information when shapes overlap.

```{r histogram-base-r-melt-colors, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
#Create data
set.seed(1)
Ixos=rnorm(4000 , 120 , 30)     
Primadur=rnorm(4000 , 200 , 30) 
 
# First distribution
hist(Ixos, breaks=30, xlim=c(0,300), col=rgb(1,0,0,0.5), xlab="height", 
     ylab="nbr of plants", main="distribution of height of 2 durum wheat varieties" )
# Second with add=T to plot on top
hist(Primadur, breaks=30, xlim=c(0,300), col=rgb(0,0,1,0.5), add=T)
# Add legend
legend("topright", legend=c("Ixos","Primadur"), col=c(rgb(1,0,0,0.5), 
     rgb(0,0,1,0.5)), pt.cex=2, pch=15 )
par(
  mfrow=c(1,2),
  mar=c(4,4,1,0)
)
hist(Ixos, breaks=30 , xlim=c(0,300) , col=rgb(1,0,0,0.5) , xlab="height" , ylab="nbr of plants" , main="" )
hist(Primadur, breaks=30 , xlim=c(0,300) , col=rgb(0,0,1,0.5) , xlab="height" , ylab="" , main="")
```


### Boxplot on top of Histogram

This example illustrates how to split the plotting window in base R thanks to the `layout function`. Contrary to the `par(mfrow=...)` solution, `layout()` allows greater control of panel parts.

Here a [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html) is added on top of the [histogram](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/histogram.html), allowing to quickly observe summary statistics of the distribution.

```r
# Create data 
my_variable=c(rnorm(1000 , 0 , 2) , rnorm(1000 , 9 , 2))
 
# Layout to split the screen
layout(mat = matrix(c(1,2),2,1, byrow=TRUE),  height = c(1,8))
 
# Draw the boxplot and the histogram 
par(mar=c(0, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
boxplot(my_variable , horizontal=TRUE , ylim=c(-10,20), xaxt="n" , col=rgb(0.8,0.8,0,0.5) , frame=F)
par(mar=c(4, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
hist(my_variable , breaks=40 , col=rgb(0.2,0.8,0.5,0.5) , border=F , main="" , xlab="value of the variable", xlim=c(-10,20))
```
![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/82-boxplot-on-top-of-histogram_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-1-1.png)

### Histogram with Colored Tail

This example demonstrates how to color parts of the [histogram](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/histogram.html). First of all, the `hist` function must be called without plotting the result using the `plot=F` option. It allows to store the position of each bin in an object (`my_hist` here).

Those bin borders are now available in the `$breaks` slot of the object, what allows to build a color vector using `ifelse` statements. Finally, this color vector can be used in a `plot` call.

```{r histogram-base-r-colored-tail, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Create data
my_variable=rnorm(2000, 0 , 10)
 
# Calculate histogram, but do not draw it
my_hist=hist(my_variable , breaks=40  , plot=F)
 
# Color vector
my_color= ifelse(my_hist$breaks < -10, rgb(0.2,0.8,0.5,0.5) , ifelse (my_hist$breaks >=10, "purple", rgb(0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2) ))
 
# Final plot
plot(my_hist, col=my_color , border=F , main="" , xlab="value of the variable", xlim=c(-40,40) )
```

### Mirrored Histogram in Base R

The mirrored histogram allows to compare the distribution of 2 variables.

First split the screen with the `par(mfrow())` command. The top histogram needs a `xaxt="n"` statement to discard its X axis. For the second one, inverse the values of the `ylim` argument to flip it upside down. Use the `margin` command to adjust the position of the 2 charts.

```{r histogram-base-r-mirrored, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
#Create Data
x1 = rnorm(100)
x2 = rnorm(100)+rep(2,100)
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
 
#Make the plot
par(mar=c(0,5,3,3))
hist(x1 , main="" , xlim=c(-2,5), ylab="Frequency for x1", xlab="", ylim=c(0,25) , xaxt="n", las=1 , col="slateblue1", breaks=10)
par(mar=c(5,5,0,3))
hist(x2 , main="" , xlim=c(-2,5), ylab="Frequency for x2", xlab="Value of my variable", ylim=c(25,0) , las=1 , col="tomato3"  , breaks=10)
```


### Histogram without Border

This sections explains how to get rid of histograms border in Basic R. It is purely about appearance preferences. Basically, you just need to add `border=F` to the `hist` function to remove the border of histogram bars.

```{r histogram-base-r-without-border, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Create data 
my_variable=c(rnorm(1000 , 0 , 2) , rnorm(1000 , 9 , 2))
 
# Draw the histogram with border=F
hist(my_variable , breaks=40 , col=rgb(0.2,0.8,0.5,0.5) , border=F , main="")
```


## Ridgeline Chart

---

Welcome in the [ridgeline chart](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/ridgeline.html) section of the gallery. Sometimes called joyplot, this kind of chart allows to visualize the distribution of several numeric variables, as stated in [data-to-viz.com](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/ridgeline.html). Here are several examples implemented using `R` and the `ridgelines` R package.

#### The `ggridges` Package

In term of code, a ridgeline chart is simply a set of many [density plots](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/density-plot.html). Thus, starting by learning the [basics of density chart](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/density-plot.html) is probably a good idea.

### Basic Ridgeline Plot

The [ridgeline plot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/ridgeline-plot.html) allows to study the distribution of a numeric variable for several groups. This document explains how to build it with `R` and the `ggridges` library.

A [Ridgelineplot](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/ridgeline.html) (formerly called Joyplot) allows to study the distribution of a numeric variable for several groups. In this example, we check the distribution of diamond prices according to their quality.

This graph is made using the `ggridges` library, which is a `ggplot2` extension and thus respect the syntax of the grammar of graphic. We specify the `price` column for the X axis and the `cut` column for the Y axis. Adding `fill=cut` allows to use one colour per category and display them as separate groups.

```{r ridgeline-plot-basic, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# library
library(ggridges)
library(ggplot2)
 
# Diamonds dataset is provided by R natively
#head(diamonds)
 
# basic example
ggplot(diamonds, aes(x = price, y = cut, fill = cut)) +
  geom_density_ridges() +
  theme_ridges() + 
  theme(legend.position = "none")
```

### Shape Variation

It is possible to represent the density with different aspects. For instance, using `stat="binline"` makes a histogram like shape to represent each distribution.


```{r ridgeline-plot-shape-variation, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# library
library(ggridges)
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
library(forcats)
# Load dataset from github
data <- read.table("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zonination/perceptions/master/probly.csv", header=TRUE, sep=",")
data <- data %>% 
  gather(key="text", value="value") %>%
  mutate(text = gsub("\\.", " ",text)) %>%
  mutate(value = round(as.numeric(value),0)) %>%
  filter(text %in% c("Almost Certainly","Very Good Chance","We Believe","Likely","About Even", "Little Chance", "Chances Are Slight", "Almost No Chance"))
# Plot
data %>%
  mutate(text = fct_reorder(text, value)) %>%
  ggplot( aes(y=text, x=value,  fill=text)) +
    geom_density_ridges(alpha=0.6, stat="binline", bins=20) +
    theme_ridges() +
    theme(
      legend.position="none",
      panel.spacing = unit(0.1, "lines"),
      strip.text.x = element_text(size = 8)
    ) +
    xlab("") +
    ylab("Assigned Probability (%)")
```

### Color Relative to Numeric Value

It is possible to set color depending on the numeric variable instead of the categoric one. (code from the [ridgeline R package](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggridges/vignettes/introduction.html) by [Claus O. Wilke](https://github.com/clauswilke))

```{r ridgeline-plot-color-relative-numeric-value, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# library
library(ggridges)
library(ggplot2)
library(viridis)
library(hrbrthemes)
# Plot
ggplot(lincoln_weather, aes(x = `Mean Temperature [F]`, y = `Month`, fill = ..x..)) +
  geom_density_ridges_gradient(scale = 3, rel_min_height = 0.01) +
  scale_fill_viridis(name = "Temp. [F]", option = "C") +
  labs(title = 'Temperatures in Lincoln NE in 2016') +
  theme_ipsum() +
    theme(
      legend.position="none",
      panel.spacing = unit(0.1, "lines"),
      strip.text.x = element_text(size = 8)
    )
```

## Violin

---

[Violin plots](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/violin.html) allow to visualize the distribution of a numeric variable for one or several groups. They are very well adapted for large dataset, as stated in [data-to-viz.com](https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/violin.html). Since group labels need to be read, it makes sense to build an horizontal version: labels become much more readable. This document provide an R implementation using ggplot2 and Base R.


### Base R Violin Plot

Violin plots are useful to compare the distribution of several groups. Ggplot2 provides a great way to build them, but the vioplot library is an alternative in case you don't want to use the tidyverse.

The Vioplot library builds the violin plot as a boxplot with a rotated kernel density plot on each side. If you want to represent several groups, the trick is to use the with function as demonstrated below.

```{r base-r-violion-plot-two, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Load the vioplot library
library(vioplot)
 
# Create data
treatment <- c(rep("A", 40) , rep("B", 40) , rep("C", 40) )
value <- c( sample(2:5, 40 , replace=T) , sample(c(1:5,12:17), 40 , replace=T), sample(1:7, 40 , replace=T) )
data <- data.frame(treatment,value)
 
# Draw the plot
with(data , vioplot( 
  value[treatment=="A"] , value[treatment=="B"], value[treatment=="C"],  
  col=rgb(0.1,0.4,0.7,0.7) , names=c("A","B","C") 
))
```

### Basic ggplot Violin Plot

Building a **violin plot** with `ggplot2` is pretty straightforward thanks to the dedicated `geom_violin()` function.

```{r basic-ggplot-violion-plot, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Library
library(ggplot2)
# create a dataset
data <- data.frame(
  name=c( rep("A",500), rep("B",500), rep("B",500), rep("C",20), rep('D', 100)  ),
  value=c( rnorm(500, 10, 5), rnorm(500, 13, 1), rnorm(500, 18, 1), rnorm(20, 25, 4), rnorm(100, 12, 1) )
)
# Most basic violin chart
p <- ggplot(data, aes(x=name, y=value, fill=name)) + # fill=name allow to automatically dedicate a color for each group
  geom_violin()
p
```


### Note on Input Format

Ggplot2 expects input data to be in a long format: each row is dedicated to one observation. Your input needs 2 column:

* A categorical variable for the X axis: Needs to be have the class `factor`.
* A numeric variable for the Y axis: Needs to have the class `numeric`.

#### From Long Format

You already have the good format. It's going to be a breeze to plot it with `geom_violin()` as follow:

```{r violion-plot-note-input-format, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Library
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
# Create data
data <- data.frame(
  name=c( rep("A",500), rep("B",500), rep("B",500), rep("C",20), rep('D', 100)  ),
  value=c( rnorm(500, 10, 5), rnorm(500, 13, 1), rnorm(500, 18, 1), rnorm(20, 25, 4), rnorm(100, 12, 1) ) %>% round(2)
)
head(data)
```



```{r violion-plot-basic, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Basic violin
ggplot(data, aes(x=name, y=value, fill=name)) + 
  geom_violin()
```

### From Wide Format

In this case we need to reformat the input. This is possible thanks to the `gather()` function of the tidyr library that is part of the tidyverse.

```{r violion-plot-wide-format-data, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
# Let's use the iris dataset as an example:
data_wide <- iris[ , 1:4]
head(data_wide)
```

```{r violion-plot-wide-format-plot, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
library(tidyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
data_wide %>% 
  gather(key="MesureType", value="Val") %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=MesureType, y=Val, fill=MesureType)) +
    geom_violin()
```


### Reorder a variable with `ggplot2`
  
Reordering groups in a `ggplot2` chart can be a struggle. This is due to the fact that ggplot2 takes into account the order of the `factor` levels, not the order you observe in your data frame. You can sort your input data frame with `sort()` or `arrange()`, it will never have any impact on your ggplot2 output.

This section explains how to reorder the level of your factor through several examples. Examples are based on 2 dummy datasets:

```{r violin-plot-reorder-variable-ggplot, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}  
# Library
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
# Dataset 1: one value per group
data <- data.frame(
  name=c("north","south","south-east","north-west","south-west","north-east","west","east"),
  val=sample(seq(1,10), 8 )
)
# Dataset 2: several values per group (natively provided in R)
# mpg
```

### Method 1: the `forcats` library

The [Forecats library](https://github.com/tidyverse/forcats) is a library from the `tidyverse` especially made to handle factors in R. It provides a suite of useful tools that solve common problems with factors. `The fact_reorder()` function allows to reorder the factor. The `fact_reorder()` function allows to reorder the factor (`data$name` for example) following the value of another column (`data$val` here).

```{r, echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# load the library
library(forcats)
# Reorder following the value of another column:
data %>%
  mutate(name = fct_reorder(name, val)) %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=name, y=val)) +
  geom_bar(stat="identity", fill="#f68060", alpha=.6, width=.4) +
  coord_flip() +
  xlab("") +
  theme_bw()
```

![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/267-reorder-a-variable-in-ggplot2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png)

```{r violin-plot-reverse-side, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Reverse side
data %>%
  mutate(name = fct_reorder(name, desc(val))) %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=name, y=val)) +
  geom_bar(stat="identity", fill="#f68060", alpha=.6, width=.4) +
  coord_flip() +
  xlab("") +
  theme_bw()
```


If you have several values per level of your factor, you can specify which function to apply to determine the order. The default is to use the median, but you can use the number of data points per group to make the classification:

```{r several-values-per-level-factor, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Using median
mpg %>%
  mutate(class = fct_reorder(class, hwy, .fun='median')) %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=reorder(class, hwy), y=hwy, fill=class)) + 
  geom_boxplot() +
  xlab("class") +
  theme(legend.position="none") +
  xlab("")
```


```{r using-number-of-observations, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Using number of observation per group
mpg %>%
  mutate(class = fct_reorder(class, hwy, .fun='length' )) %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=class, y=hwy, fill=class)) + 
  geom_boxplot() +
  xlab("class") +
  theme(legend.position="none") +
  xlab("") +
  xlab("")
```

The last common operation is to provide a specific order to your levels, using the `fct_relevel()` function as follow:
  
```{r specific-order-levels, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Reorder following a precise order
p <- data %>%
  mutate(name = fct_relevel(name, 
                            "north", "north-east", "east", 
                            "south-east", "south", "south-west", 
                            "west", "north-west")) %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=name, y=val)) +
  geom_bar(stat="identity") +
  xlab("")
p
```

### Method 2: Using Dplyr Only

The `mutate()` function of `dplyr` allows to create a new variable or modify an existing one. It is possible to use it to recreate a factor with a specific order. Here are 2 examples:
  
* The first use `arrange()` to sort your data frame, and reorder the factor following this desired order.
* The second specifies a custom order for the factor giving the levels one by one.

```r
data %>%
  arrange(val) %>%    # First sort by val. This sort the dataframe but NOT the factor levels
  mutate(name=factor(name, levels=name)) %>%   # This trick update the factor levels
  ggplot( aes(x=name, y=val)) +
  geom_segment( aes(xend=name, yend=0)) +
  geom_point( size=4, color="orange") +
  coord_flip() +
  theme_bw() +
  xlab("")
```

![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/267-reorder-a-variable-in-ggplot2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png)

```r
data %>%
  arrange(val) %>%
  mutate(name = factor(name, levels=c("north", "north-east", "east", "south-east", "south", "south-west", "west", "north-west"))) %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=name, y=val)) +
  geom_segment( aes(xend=name, yend=0)) +
  geom_point( size=4, color="orange") +
  theme_bw() +
  xlab("")
```
![](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/267-reorder-a-variable-in-ggplot2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-2.png)

### Method 3: the `reorder()` Function of Base R

In case your an unconditional user of R, here is how to control the order using the `reorder()` function inside a `with()` call:
  
```{r reorder-base-r, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# reorder is close to order, but is made to change the order of the factor levels.
mpg$class = with(mpg, reorder(class, hwy, median))
p <- mpg %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=class, y=hwy, fill=class)) + 
  geom_violin() +
  xlab("class") +
  theme(legend.position="none") +
  xlab("")
p
```

### Horizontal Violin Plot with `ggplot2`

Building a [violin plot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/violin.html) with `ggplot2` is pretty straightforward thanks to the dedicated `geom_violin()` function. Here, calling `coord_flip()` allows to flip X and Y axis and thus get a horizontal version of the chart. Moreover, note the use of the `theme_ipsum` of the `hrbrthemes` library that improves general appearance.

```{r horiztonal-violin-ggplot, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
library(forcats)
library(hrbrthemes)
library(viridis)
# Load dataset from github
data <- read.table("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zonination/perceptions/master/probly.csv", header=TRUE, sep=",")
# Data is at wide format, we need to make it 'tidy' or 'long'
data <- data %>% 
  gather(key="text", value="value") %>%
  mutate(text = gsub("\\.", " ",text)) %>%
  mutate(value = round(as.numeric(value),0)) %>%
  filter(text %in% c("Almost Certainly","Very Good Chance","We Believe","Likely","About Even", "Little Chance", "Chances Are Slight", "Almost No Chance"))
# Plot
p <- data %>%
  mutate(text = fct_reorder(text, value)) %>% # Reorder data
  ggplot( aes(x=text, y=value, fill=text, color=text)) +
  geom_violin(width=2.1, size=0.2) +
  scale_fill_viridis(discrete=TRUE) +
  scale_color_viridis(discrete=TRUE) +
  theme_ipsum() +
  theme(
    legend.position="none"
  ) +
  coord_flip() + # This switch X and Y axis and allows to get the horizontal version
  xlab("") +
  ylab("Assigned Probability (%)")
p
```


### Violin Plot with included Boxplot and Sample Size in ggplot2

It can be handy to include a [boxplot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/boxplot.html) in the [violin plot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/violin%20plot) to see both the distribution of the data and its summary statistics. Moreover, adding sample size of each group on the X axis is often a necessary step. Here is how to do it with `R` and [ggplot2](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/ggplot2-package.html).

Building a [violin plot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/violin.html) with ggplot2 is pretty straightforward thanks to the dedicated `geom_violin()` function. It is possible to use `geom_boxplot()` with a small `width` in addition to display a boxplot that provides summary statistics.

Moreover, note a small trick that allows to provide sample size of each group on the X axis: a new column called `myaxis` is created and is then used for the X axis.


```{r horiztonal-violin-boxplot-ggplot, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(hrbrthemes)
library(viridis)
# create a dataset
data <- data.frame(
  name=c( rep("A",500), rep("B",500), rep("B",500), rep("C",20), rep('D', 100)  ),
  value=c( rnorm(500, 10, 5), rnorm(500, 13, 1), rnorm(500, 18, 1), rnorm(20, 25, 4), rnorm(100, 12, 1) )
)
# sample size
sample_size = data %>% group_by(name) %>% summarize(num=n())
# Plot
data %>%
  left_join(sample_size) %>%
  mutate(myaxis = paste0(name, "\n", "n=", num)) %>%
  ggplot( aes(x=myaxis, y=value, fill=name)) +
  geom_violin(width=1.4) +
  geom_boxplot(width=0.1, color="grey", alpha=0.2) +
  scale_fill_viridis(discrete = TRUE) +
  theme_ipsum() +
  theme(
    legend.position="none",
    plot.title = element_text(size=11)
  ) +
  ggtitle("A Violin wrapping a boxplot") +
  xlab("")
```

### Grouped Violin Chart with ggplot2

This is an extension of the classic [violin plot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/violin%20plot.html). Here, data are organized in groups and subgroups, allowing to build a grouped violin chart. Chart is implemented using `R` and the [ggplot2 library](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/ggplot2-package.html).

A grouped [violin plot](https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/violin.html) displays the distribution of a numeric variable for groups and subgroups. Here, groups are days of the week, and subgroups are Males and Females. Ggplot2 allows this kind of representation thanks to the `position="dodge"` option of the `geom_violin()` function. Groups must be provided to `x`, subgroups must be provided to `fill`.

```{r grouped-violin-ggplot, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(forcats)
library(hrbrthemes)
library(viridis)
# Load dataset from github
data <- read.table("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/holtzy/data_to_viz/master/Example_dataset/10_OneNumSevCatSubgroupsSevObs.csv", header=T, sep=",") %>%
  mutate(tip = round(tip/total_bill*100, 1))
# Grouped
data %>%
  mutate(day = fct_reorder(day, tip)) %>%
  mutate(day = factor(day, levels=c("Thur", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun"))) %>%
  ggplot(aes(fill=sex, y=tip, x=day)) + 
  geom_violin(position="dodge", alpha=0.5, outlier.colour="transparent") +
  scale_fill_viridis(discrete=T, name="") +
  theme_ipsum()  +
  xlab("") +
  ylab("Tip (%)") +
  ylim(0,40)
```