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<meta name="description" content="NoSQL data stores persistent data in different ways than traditional relational databases. Learn more about NoSQL on Full Stack Python.">
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<title>NoSQL Data Stores - Full Stack Python</title>
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<h1>NoSQL Data Stores</h1>
<p>Relational databases store the vast majority of web application
persistent data. However, there are several alternative classifications of
storage representations.</p>
<ol>
<li>Key-value pair</li>
<li>Document-oriented</li>
<li>Column-family table</li>
<li>Graph</li>
</ol>
<p>These persistent data storage representations are commonly used to augment,
rather than completely replace, relational databases. The underlying
persistence type used by the NoSQL database often gives it different
performance characteristics than a relational database, with better results
on some types of read/writes and worse performance on others.</p>
<h2>Key-value Pair</h2>
<p>Key-value pair data stores are based
on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table">hash map</a> data structures.</p>
<h3>Key-value pair data stores</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://redis.io/">Redis</a> is an open source in-memory key-value pair data
store. Redis is often called "the Swiss Army Knife of web application
development." It can be used for caching, queuing, and storing session data
for faster access than a traditional relational database, among many other
use cases. <a href="https://github.com/andymccurdy/redis-py">Redis-py</a> is a solid
Python client to use with Redis.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.memcached.org/">Memcached</a> is another widely used in-memory
key-value pair storage system.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key-value pair resources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/607/what-is-a-key-value-store-database">What is a key-value store database?</a>
is a Stack Overflow Q&A that straight on answers this subject.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Redis resources</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="/blog/install-redis-use-python-3-ubuntu-1604.html">How to Use Redis with Python 3 and redis-py on Ubuntu 16.04</a>
contains detailed steps to install and start using Redis in Python.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>"<a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-use-redis">How To Install and Use Redis</a>"
is a guide for getting up with the extremely useful in-memory data store.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://degizmo.com/2010/03/22/getting-started-redis-and-python/">Getting started with Redis and Python</a>
is a walkthrough for installing and playing around with the basics of
Redis.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>This video on
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rP9EKvWt0zo">Scaling Redis at Twitter</a> is
a detailed look behind the scenes with a massive Redis deployment.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://charlesleifer.com/blog/walrus-lightweight-python-utilities-for-working-with-redis/">Walrus</a>
is a higher-level Python wrapper for Redis with some caching, querying
and data structure components build into the library.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://jamesls.com/writing-redis-in-python-with-asyncio-part-1.html">Writing Redis in Python with Asyncio</a>
shows a detailed example for how to use the new Asyncio standard library in
Python 3.4+ for working with Redis.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.datadoghq.com/blog/how-to-collect-redis-metrics/">How to collect Redis metrics</a>
shows how to use the Redis CLI client to grab key metrics on latency.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://averagesecurityguy.info/2015/09/17/pentesting-redis-servers/">Pentesting Redis servers</a>
shows that security is important not only on your application but also
the databases you're using as well.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Redis, just as with any relational or NoSQL database, needs to be secured
based on <a href="http://www.antirez.com/news/96">security guidelines</a>. There is
also a post where the main author of Redis
<a href="http://www.antirez.com/news/96">cracks its security</a> to show the tradeoffs
purposely made between ease of use and security in the default settings.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Document-oriented</h2>
<p>A document-oriented database provides a semi-structured representation for
nested data. </p>
<h3>Document-oriented data stores</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.mongodb.org/">MongoDB</a> is an open source document-oriented
data store with a Binary Object Notation (BSON) storage format that is
JSON-style and familiar to web developers.
<a href="http://docs.mongodb.org/ecosystem/drivers/python/">PyMongo</a> is a
commonly used client for interfacing with one or more MongoDB
instances through Python code. <a href="http://mongoengine.org/">MongoEngine</a>
is a Python ORM specifically written for MongoDB that is built on top
of PyMongo.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://basho.com/riak/">Riak</a> is an open source distributed data store
focused on availability, fault tolerance and large scale deployments.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://couchdb.apache.org/">Apache CouchDB</a> is also an open source project
where the focus is on embracing RESTful-style HTTP access for working with
stored JSON data.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Document-oriented data store resources</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.optinidus.com/blogs/guide-to-mongodb-for-startups/">MongoDB for startups</a>
is a guide about using non-relational databases in green field environments.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The creator and maintainers of PyMongo review four decisions they regret
from building the widely-used Python MongoDB driver.</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="http://emptysqua.re/blog/good-idea-at-the-time-pymongo-start-request/">start_request</a></li>
<li><a href="http://emptysqua.re/blog/it-seemed-like-a-good-idea-at-the-time-pymongo-use-greenlets/">use_greenlets</a></li>
<li><a href="http://emptysqua.re/blog/good-idea-at-the-time-pymongo-copy-database/">copy_database</a></li>
<li><a href="http://emptysqua.re/blog/good-idea-at-the-time-pymongo-mongoreplicasetclient/">MongoReplicaSetClient</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<p>The
<a href="https://talkpython.fm/episodes/show/2/python-and-mongodb">Python and MongoDB</a>
Talk Python to Me podcast has a great interview with the maintainer of the
Python driver for MongoDB.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://engineering.meteor.com/mongodb-queries-dont-always-return-all-matching-documents-654b6594a827">MongoDB queries don’t always return all matching documents!</a>
is a walkthrough of discovering how MongoDB queries actually work, and
shows some potential pitfalls of relying on technologies where you do
not fully understand how they operate.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Column-family table</h2>
<p>A column-family table class of NoSQL data stores builds on the key-value
pair type. Each key-value pair is considered a row in the store while the
column family is similar to a table in the relational database model.</p>
<h3>Column-family table data stores</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Apache <a href="https://hbase.apache.org/">HBase</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Apache <a href="http://cassandra.apache.org/">Cassandra</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Graph</h2>
<p>A graph database represents and stores data in three aspects: nodes, edges
and properties. </p>
<p>A <em>node</em> is an entity, such as a person or business. </p>
<p>An <em>edge</em> is the relationship between two entities. For example, an
edge could represent that a node for a person entity is an employee of a
business entity. </p>
<p>A <em>property</em> represents information about nodes. For example, an entity
representing a person could have a property of "female" or "male".</p>
<h3>Graph data stores</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.neo4j.org/">Neo4j</a> is one of the most widely used graph
databases and runs on the Java Virtual Machine stack.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/google/cayley">Cayley</a> is an open source graph data
store written by Google primarily written in Go.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://thinkaurelius.github.io/titan/">Titan</a> is a distributed graph
database built for multi-node clusters.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Graph data store resources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/maxdemarzi/introduction-to-graph-databases-12735789">Introduction to Graph Databases</a>
covers trends in NoSQL data stores and compares graph databases to other
data store types.</li>
</ul>
<h2>NoSQL third-party services</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.mongohq.com/home">MongoHQ</a> provides MongoDB as a service. It's
easy to set up with either a standard LAMP stack or on Heroku.</li>
</ul>
<h2>NoSQL data store resources</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/nosql-databases-overview">NoSQL databases: an overview</a>
explains what NoSQL means, how data is stored differently than in
relational systems and what the Consistency, Availability and
Partition-Tolerance (CAP) Theorem means.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://natishalom.typepad.com/nati_shaloms_blog/2010/10/nocap.html">CAP Theorem overview</a>
presents the basic constraints all databases must trade off in operation.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>This post on <a href="http://jeffknupp.com/blog/2014/09/01/what-is-a-nosql-database-learn-by-writing-one-in-python/">What is a NoSQL database? Learn By Writing One in Python</a>
is a detailed article that breaks the mystique behind what some forms
of NoSQL databases are doing under the covers.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a href="http://blog.thislongrun.com/2015/03/the-cap-theorem-series.html">CAP Theorem series</a>
explains concepts related to NoSQL such as what is ACID compared to CAP, CP
versus CA and high availability in large scale deployments.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.nosqlweekly.com/">NoSQL Weekly</a> is a free curated email
newsletter that aggregates articles, tutorials, and videos about
non-relational data stores.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://kkovacs.eu/cassandra-vs-mongodb-vs-couchdb-vs-redis">NoSQL comparison</a>
is a large list of popular, BigTable-based, special purpose, and other
datastores with attributes and the best use cases for each one.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Relational databases such as MySQL and PostgreSQL have added features in
more recent versions that mimic some of the capabilities of NoSQL data
stores. For example, check out this blog post on
<a href="http://engineering.wix.com/2015/12/10/scaling-to-100m-mysql-is-a-better-nosql/">using MySQL as a key-value pair store</a>
and this post on
<a href="https://blog.codeship.com/unleash-the-power-of-storing-json-in-postgres/">storing JSON data in PostgreSQL</a>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>NoSQL data stores learning checklist</h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Understand why NoSQL data stores are better for some use cases than
relational databases. In general these benefits are only seen at large
scale so they may not be applicable to your web application.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Integrate Redis into your project for a speed boost over slower persistent
storage. Storing session data in memory is generally much faster than
saving that data in a traditional relational database that uses persistent
storage. Note that when memory is flushed the data goes away so anything
that needs to be persistent must still be backed up to disk on a regular
basis.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Evaluate other use cases such as storing transient logs in a
document-oriented data store such as MongoDB.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3>What do you want to learn about next?</h3>
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<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. Introduction</a><a href="/learning-programming.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Learning Programming</a><a href="/why-use-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Why Use Python?</a><a href="/python-2-or-3.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Python 2 or 3?</a><a href="/enterprise-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Enterprise Python</a><a href="/best-python-resources.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Best Python Resources</a><a href="/best-python-videos.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Best Python Videos</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. Development Environments</a><a href="/vim.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Vim</a><a href="/emacs.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Emacs</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. Core Language</a><a href="/generators.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Generators</a><a href="/comprehensions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Comprehensions</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web Development</a><a href="/web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Frameworks</a><a href="/django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Django</a><a href="/flask.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Flask</a><a href="/bottle.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Bottle</a><a href="/pyramid.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Pyramid</a><a href="/morepath.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Morepath</a><a href="/other-web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Other Web Frameworks</a><a href="/web-design.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Design</a><a href="/cascading-style-sheets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)</a><a href="/javascript.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>JavaScript</a><a href="/websockets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>WebSockets</a><a href="/template-engines.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Template Engines</a><a href="/web-application-security.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Application Security</a><a href="/static-site-generator.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Static Site Generators</a><a href="/jinja2.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Jinja2</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. Data</a><a href="/databases.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Relational Databases</a><a href="/no-sql-datastore.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>NoSQL Data Stores</a><a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Object-relational Mappers</a><a href="/postgresql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>PostgreSQL</a><a href="/mysql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>MySQL</a><a href="/sqlite.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>SQLite</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>API Integration</a><a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>API Creation</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. Deployment</a><a href="/servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Servers</a><a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Platform-as-a-Service</a><a href="/operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Operating Systems</a><a href="/web-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Servers</a><a href="/wsgi-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>WSGI Servers</a><a href="/source-control.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Source Control</a><a href="/application-dependencies.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Application Dependencies</a><a href="/static-content.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Static Content</a><a href="/task-queues.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Task Queues</a><a href="/configuration-management.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Configuration Management</a><a href="/continuous-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Continuous Integration</a><a href="/logging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Logging</a><a href="/monitoring.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Monitoring</a><a href="/web-analytics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Analytics</a><a href="/docker.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Docker</a><a href="/caching.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Caching</a><a href="/microservices.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Microservices</a><a href="/devops.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>DevOps</a><a href="/nginx.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Nginx</a><a href="/apache-http-server.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Apache HTTP Server</a><a href="/caddy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Caddy</a><a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</a><a href="/ubuntu.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Ubuntu</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. Testing</a><a href="/unit-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Unit Testing</a><a href="/integration-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Integration Testing</a><a href="/code-metrics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Code Metrics</a><a href="/debugging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Debugging</a><a href="/bots.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Bots</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a><a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Change Log</a><a href="/future-directions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Future Directions</a><a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>About the Author</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
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<div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">NoSQL Data Stores</h3></div>
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Major updates are tweeted via
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<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. Introduction</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. Development Environments</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. Core Language</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web Development</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. Data</a> <a href="/no-sql-datastore.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>» NoSQL Data Stores</a>
<a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. Deployment</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. Testing</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
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