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<h4>Nat!</h4>
<p>Senior Mull</p>
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<h2>De Re NSObject <div style="font-size:10px; display: inline-block;">0.0.1</div> <a href="feed.xml"><img class="inline-img" src='images/feed-icon-28x28.png'></a></h2>
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<h6>© 2025 by Nat!, Mulle kybernetiK. All rights reserved.</h6>
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<article>
<h1>NSObject: +alloc</h1>
<div>
<p>You will only very, very rarely be interested in overriding the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+alloc</code>
method, but now is a good time to learn about allocators in <a href="//mulle-objc.github.io">mulle-objc</a> and the layout of objects in memory. If you are
interested in the more nitty-gritty details of mulle-objc, check out
<a href="https://www.mulle-kybernetik.com/objc-runtime-in-pictures/">Objective-C Runtime in Pictures</a>.</p>
<h2 id="struct-mulle_allocator">struct mulle_allocator</h2>
<p>First up, every allocation in <a href="//mulle-objc.github.io">mulle-objc</a> is done through a mulle-allocator.
Using the (hidden) <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">mulle_default_allocator</code>, C code simplifies from</p>
<div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">malloc</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="mi">1848</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">perror</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="s">"malloc:"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>to</p>
<div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mulle_malloc</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="mi">1848</span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>With mulle-allocator you get leak checking during tests as well.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>If you want to know why and how this works, read the
mulle-allocator <a href="//github.com/mulle-c/mulle-allocator/blob/release/README.md">README.md</a>.
For leak checking refer to the <a href="//github.com/mulle-core/mulle-testallocator/blob/release/README.md">mulle-testallocator README.md</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="alloc-implementation">+alloc implementation</h2>
<p>Classes create instances. Both classes and instances are objects.</p>
<p><img src="images/object-class-instance.svg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The default implementation of <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+alloc</code> is:</p>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instancetype</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">alloc</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">_MulleObjCClassAllocateInstance</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">_MulleObjCClassAllocateInstance</code> destills down to the following code:</p>
<div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">mulle_allocator</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">allocator</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">allocator</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_mulle_objc_infraclass_get_allocator</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">infra</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// extra bytes: 0 in +alloc case as seen above</span>
<span class="k">return</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">__mulle_objc_infraclass_alloc_instance_extra</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">infra</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">extra</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">allocator</span><span class="p">));</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Each class has its own allocator, that is used to allocate instances. Usually
this is the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">mulle_default_allocator</code>. But that may vary on a per-class
basis.</p>
<p>If your instance needs some extra memory to store data you should use the same
allocator, so use <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCInstanceAllocateMemory</code>:</p>
<div class="language-objc highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">@interface</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="nc">NSObject</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_buffer</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">bytes</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">@end</span>
<span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instancetype</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">initWithLength</span><span class="p">:(</span><span class="n">NSUInteger</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">length</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">_buffer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MulleObjCInstanceAllocateMemory</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">length</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">self</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">bytes</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">dealloc</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">MulleObjCInstanceDeallocateMemory</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_buffer</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">super</span> <span class="nf">dealloc</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>MulleObjC Instance Function</th>
<th>C equivalent</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCInstanceAllocateNonZeroedMemory</code></td>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">malloc</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCInstanceReallocateNonZeroedMemory</code></td>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">realloc</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCInstanceAllocateMemory</code></td>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">calloc</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCInstanceDuplicateUTF8String</code></td>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">strdup</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCInstanceDeallocateMemory</code></td>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">free</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The same functions are also available, with <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">Class</code> as the first parameter.
These can be used in <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">+</code> class methods.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>MulleObjC Class Function</th>
<th>C equivalent</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCClassAllocateNonZeroedMemory</code></td>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">malloc</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCClassReallocateNonZeroedMemory</code></td>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">realloc</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCClassAllocateMemory</code></td>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">calloc</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCClassDuplicateUTF8String</code></td>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">strdup</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCClassDeallocateMemory</code></td>
<td><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">free</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="extrabytes-and-metaextrabytes">extraBytes and metaExtraBytes</h3>
<p>An instance in memory looks like this:</p>
<p><img src="images/object-layout.svg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The address returned by <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">alloc</code> is not the beginning of the memory block
allocated for the instance. It is the address after the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">isa</code> pointer.
The memory block is divided into the user accessible ivars and extraBytes
“self” block and the “meta” block with negative offsets from “self”.</p>
<p>The “extraBytes” are the second parameter of <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">_MulleObjCClassAllocateInstance</code>.
Each instance can therefore have a unique size. The amount of metaExtraBytes
is fixed for every class and instance at the start of the program. Currently
this is an experimental and unused mulle-objc-runtime feature.</p>
<h2 id="creating-an-instance-in-pre-allocated-memory">Creating an instance in pre-allocated memory</h2>
<p>If you have sufficient memory already allocated, you can use
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCClassConstructInstance</code> to turn this memory into one or as
many instances as can fit.</p>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCClassGetInstanceSize</code> calculates the size needed for the memory
allocation and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MulleObjCClassConstructInstance</code> zeroes the memory and
initializes <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">isa</code> and the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">retainCount</code>.</p>
<div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">block</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">Class</span> <span class="n">myClass</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">id</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">...</span>
<span class="n">size</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MulleObjCClassGetInstanceSize</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">myClass</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">block</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_malloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MulleObjCClassConstructInstance</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">myClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">block</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">NO</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">...</span>
<span class="n">my_free</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">block</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// not obj!</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>There are a lot of caveats:</p>
<ul>
<li>ascertain that <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-dealloc</code> doesn’t interfere with your memory scheme</li>
<li>ascertain that all instance variables are freed before deallocing</li>
<li>calling <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-init</code> may trigger <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-release</code> and therefore <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-dealloc</code> in an error case</li>
</ul>
<p>Reasonably, this scheme can only be used for very simple value type objects.</p>
<h3 id="tidbits">Tidbits</h3>
<p>If you want to create an object, whose property objects are allocated with the
same custom allocator as the owner object, you will have to subclass a lot.</p>
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