diff --git a/sites/intro-to-php/creating_a_data_class.step b/sites/intro-to-php/creating_a_data_class.step
index ca0f83166..09433c43b 100644
--- a/sites/intro-to-php/creating_a_data_class.step
+++ b/sites/intro-to-php/creating_a_data_class.step
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ steps do
 
 		source_code :php, <<-PHP
 			foreach ($topics as $topic) {
-				echo "<h3>" .$topic['title']. " (ID: " .$topic['id']. ")</h3>";
+				echo "<h3>{$topic['title']} (ID: {$topic['id']})</h3>";
 				echo "<p>";
 				echo nl2br($topic['description']);
 				echo "</p>";
diff --git a/sites/intro-to-php/deleting_topics.step b/sites/intro-to-php/deleting_topics.step
index 8f09052a7..21f40ef55 100644
--- a/sites/intro-to-php/deleting_topics.step
+++ b/sites/intro-to-php/deleting_topics.step
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@ steps do
 		source_code :php, <<-PHP
 			<?php
 			foreach ($topics as $topic) {
-				echo "<h3>" .$topic['title']. " (ID: " .$topic['id']. ")</h3>";
+				echo "<h3>{$topic['title']} (ID: {$topic['id']})</h3>";
 				echo "<p>";
 				echo nl2br($topic['description']);
 				echo "</p>";
-				echo "<p>";
-				echo "<a href='/edit.php?id=" .$topic['id']. "'>Edit</a>";
+				echo "<p>"
+				echo "<a href='/edit.php?id={$topic['id']}'>Edit</a>";
 				echo " | ";
-				echo "<a href='/delete.php?id=" .$topic['id']. "'>Delete</a>";
+				echo "<a href='/delete.php?id={$topic['id']}'>Delete</a>";
 				echo "</p>";
 			}
 			?>
diff --git a/sites/intro-to-php/editing_topics.step b/sites/intro-to-php/editing_topics.step
index c694c455a..857bdc047 100644
--- a/sites/intro-to-php/editing_topics.step
+++ b/sites/intro-to-php/editing_topics.step
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ steps do
 		source_code :php, <<-PHP
 			<?php
 			foreach ($topics as $topic) {
-				echo "<h3>" .$topic['title']. " (ID: " .$topic['id']. ")</h3>";
+				echo "<h3>{$topic['title']} (ID: {$topic['id']})</h3>";
 				echo "<p>";
 				echo nl2br($topic['description']);
 				echo "</p>";
-				echo "<p><a href='/edit.php?id=" .$topic['id']. "'>Edit</a></p>";
+				echo "<p><a href='/edit.php?id={$topic['id']}'>Edit</a></p>";
 			}
 			?>
 		PHP
diff --git a/sites/intro-to-php/styling_suggestotron.step b/sites/intro-to-php/styling_suggestotron.step
index 1e38b56c1..717f5da78 100644
--- a/sites/intro-to-php/styling_suggestotron.step
+++ b/sites/intro-to-php/styling_suggestotron.step
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ steps do
                 <body>
                     <?php
                     foreach ($topics as $topic) {
-                        echo "<h3>" .$topic['title']. " (ID: " .$topic['id']. ")</h3>";
+                        echo "<h3>{$topic['title']} (ID: {$topic['id']})</h3>";
                         echo "<p>";
                         echo nl2br($topic['description']);
                         echo "</p>";
-                        echo "<p>";
-                        echo "<a href='/edit.php?id=" .$topic['id']. "'>Edit</a>";
+                        echo "<p>
+                        echo "<a href='/edit.php?id={$topic['id']}'>Edit</a>";
                         echo " | ";
-                        echo "<a href='/delete.php?id=" .$topic['id']. "'>Delete</a>";
+                        echo "<a href='/delete.php?id={$topic['id']}'>Delete</a>";
                         echo "</p>";
                     }
                     ?>
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ steps do
         message "For example, by adding a simple class to our Edit and Delete links, we can make them look like buttons:"
 
         source_code :php, <<-PHP
-            echo "<a href='/edit.php?id=" .$topic['id']. "' class='btn btn-primary'>Edit</a>";
+            echo "<a href='/edit.php?id={$topic['id']}' class='btn btn-primary'>Edit</a>";
             echo " ";
-            echo "<a href='/delete.php?id=" .$topic['id']. "' class='btn btn-danger'>Delete</a>";
+            echo "<a href='/delete.php?id={$topic['id']}' class='btn btn-danger'>Delete</a>";
         PHP
     end
 
