[v24.3.x] CORE-9252 k/groups: do not throw from group::rebalance_timeout()

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #25270 to branch v24.3.x. This issue was created as a placeholder because the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.3.x
git checkout -b manual-backport-25270-v24.3.x-326
git cherry-pick -x cb8e50a5a7 eed6c77a64

git push origin manual-backport-25270-v24.3.x-326
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.3.x] CORE-9252 k/groups: do not throw from `group::rebalance_timeout()`" \
  --base "v24.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "manual-backport-25270-v24.3.x-326" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/25270 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-9332](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-9332)