Refactor the entire project

[Devinaut]

The refactor clarifies some function details, uses docstrings instead of comment blocks, and simplifies functions with documented intention-value converstion equations (such as set_position). The appropriate version bump was already pushed to master.

It has not been tested because I cannot test it because I do not own the required hardware. I would buy it, but I don't have any use for it besides about 20 minutes of testing this single commit.

Several other subtle changes were made: functions and parameters have been type hinted, the high byte mask-and-shift in send_data has been replaced with a simple shift, the value range check in send_data was streamlined via comparison operator chaining, and the stroke and USB ID values have been checked for negatives.

The most important change is a proper implementation of the stroke value. Previously, it was just specified as part of a handful of equations the user had to calculate. Instead, it is now a required constructor parameter, and is used in these equations automatically. This prevents accidental inconsistency errors on the users' behalf and enables the aforementioned simplification of equation-based functions like set_position.

Additionally, the packet echo from sending data over USB has been implemented as function returns, in case any users want that echo. It proves especially useful in the case of set_position and get_feedback because those functions do not simply echo the sent packet.

Several comments as well as the readme have also been de-cringed.