Fix CCCL C headers to be compileable by C compiler

[oleksandr-pavlyk]

Description

closes gh-3882

This change ensures that cccl/c/parallel headers are compileable by C compiler.

1. Corrected typedef struct and typedef enum so that C types have the same names as C++. That is typedef struct name {...} otherName; was changed to typedef struct name {...} name;

2. noexcept qualifier was removed from function declarations.

3. Implementation was changed to move noexcept implementations into a namespace, and implement publicly declared functions as thin shims calling these noexcept functions from a namespace.

4. Adds c/parallel/test/test_header.c This is a C file which includes all public headers, and contains a trivial int main(void) function. The file is compiled using C compiler to produce an object file. Hence it does not result in a dedicate test to run, but any non C-compliant changes to these headers would break test compilation step.

   N.B.: Every new header file must be included in test_headers.c file for it to be tested.

5. Piggy-backing on this PR, added runtime error condition checking in test_main.cpp to verify that cudaSetDevice call did not report an error.

6. Modified cccl/c/parallel CMake project list of languages to include C.

Checklist

• New or existing tests cover these changes.
• The documentation is up to date with these changes.

[github-actions]

🟩 CI finished in 45m 24s: Pass: 100%/3 | Total: 50m 27s | Avg: 16m 49s | Max: 35m 19s | Hits: 91%/308

• 🟩 cccl_c_parallel: Pass: 100%/2 | Total: 15m 08s | Avg: 7m 34s | Max: 12m 39s | Hits: 91%/308

  🟩 cpu
    🟩 amd64              Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 15m 08s | Avg:  7m 34s | Max: 12m 39s | Hits:  91%/308   
  🟩 ctk
    🟩 12.8               Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 15m 08s | Avg:  7m 34s | Max: 12m 39s | Hits:  91%/308   
  🟩 cudacxx
    🟩 nvcc12.8           Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 15m 08s | Avg:  7m 34s | Max: 12m 39s | Hits:  91%/308   
  🟩 cudacxx_family
    🟩 nvcc               Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 15m 08s | Avg:  7m 34s | Max: 12m 39s | Hits:  91%/308   
  🟩 cxx
    🟩 GCC13              Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 15m 08s | Avg:  7m 34s | Max: 12m 39s | Hits:  91%/308   
  🟩 cxx_family
    🟩 GCC                Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 15m 08s | Avg:  7m 34s | Max: 12m 39s | Hits:  91%/308   
  🟩 gpu
    🟩 rtx2080            Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 15m 08s | Avg:  7m 34s | Max: 12m 39s | Hits:  91%/308   
  🟩 jobs
    🟩 Build              Pass: 100%/1   | Total:  2m 29s | Avg:  2m 29s | Max:  2m 29s | Hits:  83%/154   
    🟩 Test               Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 12m 39s | Avg: 12m 39s | Max: 12m 39s | Hits:  98%/154   
  

• 🟩 python: Pass: 100%/1 | Total: 35m 19s | Avg: 35m 19s | Max: 35m 19s

  🟩 cpu
    🟩 amd64              Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 35m 19s | Avg: 35m 19s | Max: 35m 19s
  🟩 ctk
    🟩 12.8               Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 35m 19s | Avg: 35m 19s | Max: 35m 19s
  🟩 cudacxx
    🟩 nvcc12.8           Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 35m 19s | Avg: 35m 19s | Max: 35m 19s
  🟩 cudacxx_family
    🟩 nvcc               Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 35m 19s | Avg: 35m 19s | Max: 35m 19s
  🟩 cxx
    🟩 GCC13              Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 35m 19s | Avg: 35m 19s | Max: 35m 19s
  🟩 cxx_family
    🟩 GCC                Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 35m 19s | Avg: 35m 19s | Max: 35m 19s
  🟩 gpu
    🟩 rtx2080            Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 35m 19s | Avg: 35m 19s | Max: 35m 19s
  🟩 jobs
    🟩 Test               Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 35m 19s | Avg: 35m 19s | Max: 35m 19s
  

👃 Inspect Changes

Modifications in project?

	Project
	CCCL Infrastructure
	libcu++
	CUB
	Thrust
	CUDA Experimental
	python
+/-	CCCL C Parallel Library
	Catch2Helper

Modifications in project or dependencies?

	Project
	CCCL Infrastructure
	libcu++
	CUB
	Thrust
	CUDA Experimental
+/-	python
+/-	CCCL C Parallel Library
	Catch2Helper

🏃‍ Runner counts (total jobs: 3)

#	Runner
2	linux-amd64-gpu-rtx2080-latest-1
1	linux-amd64-cpu16

[leofang]

Thanks for catching and fixing the bug, Sasha!

[github-actions]

🟩 CI finished in 38m 59s: Pass: 100%/3 | Total: 59m 13s | Avg: 19m 44s | Max: 38m 26s | Hits: 97%/308

• 🟩 cccl_c_parallel: Pass: 100%/2 | Total: 20m 47s | Avg: 10m 23s | Max: 18m 16s | Hits: 97%/308

  🟩 cpu
    🟩 amd64              Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 20m 47s | Avg: 10m 23s | Max: 18m 16s | Hits:  97%/308   
  🟩 ctk
    🟩 12.8               Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 20m 47s | Avg: 10m 23s | Max: 18m 16s | Hits:  97%/308   
  🟩 cudacxx
    🟩 nvcc12.8           Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 20m 47s | Avg: 10m 23s | Max: 18m 16s | Hits:  97%/308   
  🟩 cudacxx_family
    🟩 nvcc               Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 20m 47s | Avg: 10m 23s | Max: 18m 16s | Hits:  97%/308   
  🟩 cxx
    🟩 GCC13              Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 20m 47s | Avg: 10m 23s | Max: 18m 16s | Hits:  97%/308   
  🟩 cxx_family
    🟩 GCC                Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 20m 47s | Avg: 10m 23s | Max: 18m 16s | Hits:  97%/308   
  🟩 gpu
    🟩 rtx2080            Pass: 100%/2   | Total: 20m 47s | Avg: 10m 23s | Max: 18m 16s | Hits:  97%/308   
  🟩 jobs
    🟩 Build              Pass: 100%/1   | Total:  2m 31s | Avg:  2m 31s | Max:  2m 31s | Hits:  95%/154   
    🟩 Test               Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 18m 16s | Avg: 18m 16s | Max: 18m 16s | Hits:  98%/154   
  

• 🟩 python: Pass: 100%/1 | Total: 38m 26s | Avg: 38m 26s | Max: 38m 26s

  🟩 cpu
    🟩 amd64              Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 38m 26s | Avg: 38m 26s | Max: 38m 26s
  🟩 ctk
    🟩 12.8               Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 38m 26s | Avg: 38m 26s | Max: 38m 26s
  🟩 cudacxx
    🟩 nvcc12.8           Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 38m 26s | Avg: 38m 26s | Max: 38m 26s
  🟩 cudacxx_family
    🟩 nvcc               Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 38m 26s | Avg: 38m 26s | Max: 38m 26s
  🟩 cxx
    🟩 GCC13              Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 38m 26s | Avg: 38m 26s | Max: 38m 26s
  🟩 cxx_family
    🟩 GCC                Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 38m 26s | Avg: 38m 26s | Max: 38m 26s
  🟩 gpu
    🟩 rtx2080            Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 38m 26s | Avg: 38m 26s | Max: 38m 26s
  🟩 jobs
    🟩 Test               Pass: 100%/1   | Total: 38m 26s | Avg: 38m 26s | Max: 38m 26s
  

👃 Inspect Changes

Modifications in project?

	Project
	CCCL Infrastructure
	libcu++
	CUB
	Thrust
	CUDA Experimental
	python
+/-	CCCL C Parallel Library
	Catch2Helper

Modifications in project or dependencies?

	Project
	CCCL Infrastructure
	libcu++
	CUB
	Thrust
	CUDA Experimental
+/-	python
+/-	CCCL C Parallel Library
	Catch2Helper

🏃‍ Runner counts (total jobs: 3)

#	Runner
2	linux-amd64-gpu-rtx2080-latest-1
1	linux-amd64-cpu16