Add docs for leader-leaseholder splits

src/current/_includes/v25.2/essential-alerts.md

@@ -318,9 +318,9 @@ Send an alert when the number of ranges with replication below the replication f
 
 - Refer to [Replication issues]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/cluster-setup-troubleshooting.md %}#replication-issues).
 
-### Requests stuck in raft
+### Requests stuck in Raft
 
-Send an alert when requests are taking a very long time in replication. An (evaluated) request has to pass through the replication layer, notably the quota pool and raft. If it fails to do so within a highly permissive duration, the gauge is incremented (and decremented again once the request is either applied or returns an error). A nonzero value indicates range or replica unavailability, and should be investigated.
+Send an alert when requests are taking a very long time in replication. An (evaluated) request has to pass through the replication layer, notably the quota pool and raft. If it fails to do so within a highly permissive duration, the gauge is incremented (and decremented again once the request is either applied or returns an error). A nonzero value indicates range or replica unavailability, and should be investigated. This can also be a symptom of a [leader-leaseholder split]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#leader-leaseholder-splits).
 
 **Metric**
 <br>`requests.slow.raft`

src/current/_includes/v25.2/leader-leases-node-heartbeat-use-cases.md

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 {% include_cached new-in.html version="v25.2" %} For the purposes of [Raft replication]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#raft) and determining the [leaseholder]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/overview.md %}#architecture-leaseholder) of a [range]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/overview.md %}#architecture-range), node health is no longer determined by heartbeating a single "liveness range"; instead it is determined using [Leader leases]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#leader-leases).
 
+<a name="liveness-range"></a>
+
 However, node heartbeats of a single range are still used to determine:
 
 - Whether a node is still a member of a cluster (this is used by [`cockroach node decommission`]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/cockroach-node.md %}#node-decommission)).

src/current/_includes/v25.3/essential-alerts.md

@@ -318,9 +318,9 @@ Send an alert when the number of ranges with replication below the replication f
 
 - Refer to [Replication issues]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/cluster-setup-troubleshooting.md %}#replication-issues).
 
-### Requests stuck in raft
+### Requests stuck in Raft
 
-Send an alert when requests are taking a very long time in replication. An (evaluated) request has to pass through the replication layer, notably the quota pool and raft. If it fails to do so within a highly permissive duration, the gauge is incremented (and decremented again once the request is either applied or returns an error). A nonzero value indicates range or replica unavailability, and should be investigated.
+Send an alert when requests are taking a very long time in replication. An (evaluated) request has to pass through the replication layer, notably the quota pool and raft. If it fails to do so within a highly permissive duration, the gauge is incremented (and decremented again once the request is either applied or returns an error). A nonzero value indicates range or replica unavailability, and should be investigated. This can also be a symptom of a [leader-leaseholder split]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#leader-leaseholder-splits).
 
 **Metric**
 <br>`requests.slow.raft`

src/current/_includes/v25.3/leader-leases-node-heartbeat-use-cases.md

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 For the purposes of [Raft replication]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#raft) and determining the [leaseholder]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/overview.md %}#architecture-leaseholder) of a [range]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/overview.md %}#architecture-range), node health is no longer determined by heartbeating a single "liveness range"; instead it is determined using [Leader leases]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#leader-leases).
 
+<a name="liveness-range"></a>
+
 However, node heartbeats of a single range are still used to determine:
 
 - Whether a node is still a member of a cluster (this is used by [`cockroach node decommission`]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/cockroach-node.md %}#node-decommission)).

src/current/v25.2/architecture/replication-layer.md

@@ -160,6 +160,15 @@ Unlike table data, system ranges use expiration-based leases; expiration-based l
 
 Expiration-based leases are also used temporarily during operations like lease transfers, until the new Raft leader can be fortified based on store liveness, as described in [Leader leases](#leader-leases).
 
+#### Leader‑leaseholder splits
+
+[Epoch-based leases](#epoch-based-leases) (unlike [Leader leases](#leader-leases)) are vulnerable to _leader-leaseholder splits_. These can occur when a leaseholder's Raft log has fallen behind other replicas in its group and it cannot acquire Raft leadership. Coupled with a [network partition]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/cluster-setup-troubleshooting.md %}#network-partition), this split can cause permanent unavailability of the range if (1) the stale leaseholder continues heartbeating the [liveness range](#liveness-range) to hold its lease but (2) cannot reach the leader to propose writes.
+
+Symptoms of leader-leaseholder splits include a [stalled Raft log]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/monitoring-and-alerting.md %}#requests-stuck-in-raft) on the leaseholder and [increased disk usage]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/cluster-setup-troubleshooting.md %}#disks-filling-up) on follower replicas buffering pending Raft entries. Remediations include:
+
+- Restarting the affected nodes.
+- Fixing the network partition (or slow networking) between nodes.
+
 #### Leader leases
 
 {% include_cached new-in.html version="v25.2" %} {% include {{ page.version.version }}/leader-leases-intro.md %}

src/current/v25.2/cluster-setup-troubleshooting.md

@@ -372,6 +372,8 @@ Like any database system, if you run out of disk space the system will no longer
 - [Why is disk usage increasing despite lack of writes?]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/operational-faqs.md %}#why-is-disk-usage-increasing-despite-lack-of-writes)
 - [Can I reduce or disable the storage of timeseries data?]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/operational-faqs.md %}#can-i-reduce-or-disable-the-storage-of-time-series-data)
 
+In rare cases, disk usage can increase on nodes with [Raft followers]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#raft) due to a [leader-leaseholder split]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#leader-leaseholder-splits).
+
 ###### Automatic ballast files
 
  CockroachDB automatically creates an emergency ballast file at [node startup]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/cockroach-start.md %}). This feature is **on** by default. Note that the [`cockroach debug ballast`]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/cockroach-debug-ballast.md %}) command is still available but deprecated.

src/current/v25.2/monitoring-and-alerting.md

@@ -1206,7 +1206,7 @@ Currently, not all events listed have corresponding alert rule definitions avail
 
 #### Requests stuck in Raft
 
-- **Rule:** Send an alert when requests are taking a very long time in replication.
+- **Rule:** Send an alert when requests are taking a very long time in replication. This can be a symptom of a [leader-leaseholder split]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#leader-leaseholder-splits).
 
 - **How to detect:** Calculate this using the `requests_slow_raft` metric in the node's `_status/vars` output.
 

src/current/v25.2/ui-slow-requests-dashboard.md

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Hovering over the graph displays values for the following metrics:
 
 Metric | Description
 --------|----
-Slow Raft Proposals | The number of requests that have been stuck for longer than usual in [Raft]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#raft), as tracked by the `requests.slow.raft` metric.
+Slow Raft Proposals | The number of requests that have been stuck for longer than usual in [Raft]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#raft), as tracked by the `requests.slow.raft` metric. This can be a symptom of a [leader-leaseholder split]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#leader-leaseholder-splits).
 
 ## Slow DistSender RPCs
 

src/current/v25.3/architecture/replication-layer.md

@@ -160,6 +160,15 @@ Unlike table data, system ranges use expiration-based leases; expiration-based l
 
 Expiration-based leases are also used temporarily during operations like lease transfers, until the new Raft leader can be fortified based on store liveness, as described in [Leader leases](#leader-leases).
 
+#### Leader‑leaseholder splits
+
+[Epoch-based leases](#epoch-based-leases) (unlike [Leader leases](#leader-leases)) are vulnerable to _leader-leaseholder splits_. These can occur when a leaseholder's Raft log has fallen behind other replicas in its group and it cannot acquire Raft leadership. Coupled with a [network partition]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/cluster-setup-troubleshooting.md %}#network-partition), this split can cause permanent unavailability of the range if (1) the stale leaseholder continues heartbeating the [liveness range](#liveness-range) to hold its lease but (2) cannot reach the leader to propose writes.
+
+Symptoms of leader-leaseholder splits include a [stalled Raft log]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/monitoring-and-alerting.md %}#requests-stuck-in-raft) on the leaseholder and [increased disk usage]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/cluster-setup-troubleshooting.md %}#disks-filling-up) on follower replicas buffering pending Raft entries. Remediations include:
+
+- Restarting the affected nodes.
+- Fixing the network partition (or slow networking) between nodes.
+
 #### Leader leases
 
 {% include {{ page.version.version }}/leader-leases-intro.md %}

src/current/v25.3/cluster-setup-troubleshooting.md

@@ -372,6 +372,8 @@ Like any database system, if you run out of disk space the system will no longer
 - [Why is disk usage increasing despite lack of writes?]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/operational-faqs.md %}#why-is-disk-usage-increasing-despite-lack-of-writes)
 - [Can I reduce or disable the storage of timeseries data?]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/operational-faqs.md %}#can-i-reduce-or-disable-the-storage-of-time-series-data)
 
+In rare cases, disk usage can increase on nodes with [Raft followers]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#raft) due to a [leader-leaseholder split]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#leader-leaseholder-splits).
+
 ###### Automatic ballast files
 
  CockroachDB automatically creates an emergency ballast file at [node startup]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/cockroach-start.md %}). This feature is **on** by default. Note that the [`cockroach debug ballast`]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/cockroach-debug-ballast.md %}) command is still available but deprecated.

src/current/v25.3/monitoring-and-alerting.md

@@ -1206,7 +1206,7 @@ Currently, not all events listed have corresponding alert rule definitions avail
 
 #### Requests stuck in Raft
 
-- **Rule:** Send an alert when requests are taking a very long time in replication.
+- **Rule:** Send an alert when requests are taking a very long time in replication. This can be a symptom of a [leader-leaseholder split]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#leader-leaseholder-splits).
 
 - **How to detect:** Calculate this using the `requests_slow_raft` metric in the node's `_status/vars` output.
 

src/current/v25.3/ui-slow-requests-dashboard.md

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Hovering over the graph displays values for the following metrics:
 
 Metric | Description
 --------|----
-Slow Raft Proposals | The number of requests that have been stuck for longer than usual in [Raft]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#raft), as tracked by the `requests.slow.raft` metric.
+Slow Raft Proposals | The number of requests that have been stuck for longer than usual in [Raft]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#raft), as tracked by the `requests.slow.raft` metric. This can be a symptom of a [leader-leaseholder split]({% link {{ page.version.version }}/architecture/replication-layer.md %}#leader-leaseholder-splits).
 
 ## Slow DistSender RPCs