chore: register dbt-core version in DagsterLibraryRegistry (#23329)

## Summary & Motivation
As the title. Since `dbt-core` isn't a Dagster library, we'll skip the
version check and write it directly into the library mapping.

## How I Tested These Changes
N/A

python_modules/dagster/dagster/_core/libraries.py

@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@ class DagsterLibraryRegistry:
     _libraries: Dict[str, str] = {"dagster": __version__}
 
     @classmethod
-    def register(cls, name: str, version: str):
-        check_dagster_package_version(name, version)
+    def register(cls, name: str, version: str, *, is_dagster_package: bool = True):
+        if is_dagster_package:
+            check_dagster_package_version(name, version)
+
         cls._libraries[name] = version
 
     @classmethod

python_modules/dagster/dagster_tests/core_tests/test_utils.py

@@ -16,6 +16,15 @@
 from dagster._utils import hash_collection, library_version_from_core_version
 
 
+@pytest.fixture
+def library_registry_fixture():
+    previous_libraries = DagsterLibraryRegistry.get()
+
+    yield
+
+    DagsterLibraryRegistry._libraries = previous_libraries  # noqa: SLF001
+
+
 def test_parse_env_var_no_equals():
     env_var = "FOO_ENV_VAR"
 
@@ -73,6 +82,15 @@ def test_library_version_from_core_version():
     assert library_version_from_core_version("1.1.16post0") == "0.17.16post0"
 
 
+def test_non_dagster_library_registry(library_registry_fixture):
+    DagsterLibraryRegistry.register("not-dagster", "0.0.1", is_dagster_package=False)
+
+    assert DagsterLibraryRegistry.get() == {
+        "dagster": dagster.version.__version__,
+        "not-dagster": "0.0.1",
+    }
+
+
 def test_library_registry():
     assert DagsterLibraryRegistry.get() == {"dagster": dagster.version.__version__}
 

python_modules/libraries/dagster-dbt/dagster_dbt/__init__.py

@@ -54,9 +54,11 @@
 from dagster._annotations import deprecated
 from dagster._core.libraries import DagsterLibraryRegistry
 from dagster._utils.warnings import deprecation_warning
+from dbt.version import __version__ as __dbt_version__
 from typing_extensions import Final
 
 DagsterLibraryRegistry.register("dagster-dbt", __version__)
+DagsterLibraryRegistry.register("dbt-core", __dbt_version__)
 
 
 _DEPRECATED: Final[Mapping[str, Tuple[str, str, str]]] = {