Add Open Telemetry Spans throughout the codebase

[jpinz]

This pull request introduces OpenTelemetry tracing to various methods in the updater/lib/dependabot/api_client.rb and updater/lib/dependabot/file_fetcher_command.rb files. It also adds new methods and attributes to the updater/lib/dependabot/opentelemetry.rb file to support the tracing. Additionally, it adds a new method to the OpenTelemetry module in the sorbet/rbi/shims/opentelemetry-sdk.rbi file.

OpenTelemetry Tracing:

• updater/lib/dependabot/api_client.rb: Added OpenTelemetry tracing to the create_pull_request, update_pull_request, close_pull_request, record_update_job_error, record_update_job_unknown_error, mark_job_as_processed, update_dependency_list, increment_metric methods. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
• updater/lib/dependabot/file_fetcher_command.rb: Added OpenTelemetry tracing to the perform_job method. [1] [2]

OpenTelemetry Configuration:

• updater/lib/dependabot/opentelemetry.rb: Added new methods tracer and record_update_job_error and a new Attributes module. Also modified the configure method to print a message when OpenTelemetry is enabled. [1] [2] [3]

Additional Changes:

• sorbet/rbi/shims/opentelemetry-sdk.rbi: Added a new tracer_provider method to the OpenTelemetry module.
• updater/lib/dependabot/service.rb: Modified the capture_exception method to record exceptions with OpenTelemetry.
• updater/lib/dependabot/update_files_command.rb: Added OpenTelemetry tracing to the perform_job method.

[JamieMagee]

I've also upstreamed our opentelemetry-sdk types to rbi-central: Shopify/rbi-central#189. rbi-central is the Ruby equivalent of https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped for TypeScript.