[component] Print path to error in ValidateConfig

[evan-bradley]

Description

Follow up to #12102.

This prints the full path to where the error occurred in a config object using available reflection metadata. Currently some paths will be duplicated until we shift otelcol to call component.ValidateConfig on otelcol.Config and remove manual calls to Validate, but no information will be missing. If this is a concern we can do both steps at once.

Example error messages:

collector server run finished with error: invalid configuration: receivers::otlp: must specify at least one protocol when using the OTLP receiver
service::telemetry: collector telemetry metrics reader should exist when metric level is not None, level is Normal

I'll clean this PR up once #12102 is merged, but you can see the latest commit for the changes relevant to only this PR.