print.md synchronizes official documents (#190)

* print.md synchronizes official documents

* Modified format without translation

* Update print.md

* Update src/hello/print.md

---------

Co-authored-by: YangFong <[email protected]>

english/src/hello/print.md

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 # Formatted print
 
-Printing is handled by a series of [`macros`][macros] defined in [`std::fmt`][fmt]
-some of which include:
+Printing is handled by a series of [`macros`][macros] defined in
+[`std::fmt`][fmt] some of which include:
 
 * `format!`: write formatted text to [`String`][string]
-* `print!`: same as `format!` but the text is printed to the console (io::stdout).
+* `print!`: same as `format!` but the text is printed to the console
+  (io::stdout).
 * `println!`: same as `print!` but a newline is appended.
-* `eprint!`: same as `format!` but the text is printed to the standard error (io::stderr).
-* `eprintln!`: same as `eprint!`but a newline is appended.
+* `eprint!`: same as `print!` but the text is printed to the standard error
+  (io::stderr).
+* `eprintln!`: same as `eprint!` but a newline is appended.
 
 All parse text in the same fashion. As a plus, Rust checks formatting
 correctness at compile time.
@@ -18,11 +20,9 @@ fn main() {
     // arguments. These will be stringified.
     println!("{} days", 31);
 
-    // Without a suffix, 31 becomes an i32. You can change what type 31 is
-    // by providing a suffix. The number 31i64 for example has the type i64.
-
-    // There are various optional patterns this works with. Positional
-    // arguments can be used.
+    // Positional arguments can be used. Specifying an integer inside `{}`
+    // determines which additional argument will be replaced. Arguments start
+    // at 0 immediately after the format string.
     println!("{0}, this is {1}. {1}, this is {0}", "Alice", "Bob");
 
     // As can named arguments.
@@ -31,29 +31,46 @@ fn main() {
              subject="the quick brown fox",
              verb="jumps over");
 
-    // Special formatting can be specified after a `:`.
-    println!("{} of {:b} people know binary, the other half doesn't", 1, 2);
+    // Different formatting can be invoked by specifying the format character
+    // after a `:`.
+    println!("Base 10:               {}",   69420); // 69420
+    println!("Base 2 (binary):       {:b}", 69420); // 10000111100101100
+    println!("Base 8 (octal):        {:o}", 69420); // 207454
+    println!("Base 16 (hexadecimal): {:x}", 69420); // 10f2c
+
+    // You can right-justify text with a specified width. This will
+    // output "    1". (Four white spaces and a "1", for a total width of 5.)
+    println!("{number:>5}", number=1);
 
-    // You can right-align text with a specified width. This will output
-    // "     1". 5 white spaces and a "1".
-    println!("{number:>width$}", number=1, width=6);
+    // You can pad numbers with extra zeroes,
+    println!("{number:0>5}", number=1); // 00001
+    // and left-adjust by flipping the sign. This will output "10000".
+    println!("{number:0<5}", number=1); // 10000
 
-    // You can pad numbers with extra zeroes. This will output "000001".
-    println!("{number:0>width$}", number=1, width=6);
+    // You can use named arguments in the format specifier by appending a `$`.
+    println!("{number:0>width$}", number=1, width=5);
 
-    // Rust even checks to make sure the correct number of arguments are
-    // used.
+    // Rust even checks to make sure the correct number of arguments are used.
     println!("My name is {0}, {1} {0}", "Bond");
     // FIXME ^ Add the missing argument: "James"
 
-    // Create a structure named `Structure` which contains an `i32`.
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    // Only types that implement fmt::Display can be formatted with `{}`. User-
+    // defined types do not implement fmt::Display by default.
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // disable `dead_code` which warn against unused module
     struct Structure(i32);
 
-    // However, custom types such as this structure require more complicated
-    // handling. This will not work.
-    println!("This struct `{}` won't print...", Structure(3));
-    // FIXME ^ Comment out this line.
+    // This will not compile because `Structure` does not implement
+    // fmt::Display.
+    // println!("This struct `{}` won't print...", Structure(3));
+    // TODO ^ Try uncommenting this line
+
+    // For Rust 1.58 and above, you can directly capture the argument from a
+    // surrounding variable. Just like the above, this will output
+    // "    1", 4 white spaces and a "1".
+    let number: f64 = 1.0;
+    let width: usize = 5;
+    println!("{number:>width$}");
 }
 ```
 
@@ -62,28 +79,30 @@ of text. The base form of two important ones are listed below:
 
 * `fmt::Debug`: Uses the `{:?}` marker. Format text for debugging purposes.
 * `fmt::Display`: Uses the `{}` marker. Format text in a more elegant, user
-friendly fashion.
+  friendly fashion.
 
 Here, we used `fmt::Display` because the std library provides implementations
 for these types. To print text for custom types, more steps are required.
 
 Implementing the `fmt::Display` trait automatically implements the
 [`ToString`] trait which allows us to [convert] the type to [`String`][string].
 
+In *line 43*, `#[allow(dead_code)]` is an [attribute] which only applies to the module after it.
+
 ### Activities
 
- * Fix the two issues in the above code (see FIXME) so that it runs without
-   error.
- * Add a `println!` macro that prints: `Pi is roughly 3.142` by controlling
-   the number of decimal places shown. For the purposes of this exercise,
-   use `let pi = 3.141592` as an estimate for pi. (Hint: you may need to
-   check the [`std::fmt`][fmt] documentation for setting the number of
-   decimals to display)
+* Fix the issue in the above code (see FIXME) so that it runs without
+  error.
+* Try uncommenting the line that attempts to format the `Structure` struct
+  (see TODO)
+* Add a `println!` macro call that prints: `Pi is roughly 3.142` by controlling
+  the number of decimal places shown. For the purposes of this exercise, use
+  `let pi = 3.141592` as an estimate for pi. (Hint: you may need to check the
+  [`std::fmt`][fmt] documentation for setting the number of decimals to display)
 
 ### See also:
 
-[`std::fmt`][fmt], [`macros`][macros], [`struct`][structs],
-and [`traits`][traits]
+[`std::fmt`][fmt], [`macros`][macros], [`struct`][structs], [`traits`][traits], and [`dead_code`][dead_code]
 
 [fmt]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/
 [macros]: ../macros.md
@@ -92,3 +111,5 @@ and [`traits`][traits]
 [traits]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/#formatting-traits
 [`ToString`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/trait.ToString.html
 [convert]: ../conversion/string.md
+[attribute]: ../attribute.md
+[dead_code]: ../attribute/unused.md

src/hello/print.md

@@ -16,11 +16,9 @@ fn main() {
     // 变量内容会转化成字符串。
     println!("{} days", 31);
 
-    // 不加后缀的话，31 就自动成为 i32 类型。
-    // 你可以添加后缀来改变 31 的类型（例如使用 31i64 声明 31 为 i64 类型）。
-
-    // 用变量替换字符串有多种写法。
-    // 比如可以使用位置参数。
+    // 可以使用位置参数。
+    // 在 `{}` 中指定一个整数确定将替换哪个附加参数。
+    // 参数从紧接在格式字符串之后的 0 开始。
     println!("{0}, this is {1}. {1}, this is {0}", "Alice", "Bob");
 
     // 可以使用命名参数。
@@ -29,49 +27,73 @@ fn main() {
              subject="the quick brown fox",
              verb="jumps over");
 
-    // 可以在 `:` 后面指定特殊的格式。
-    println!("{} of {:b} people know binary, the other half don't", 1, 2);
+    // 通过在 `:` 后面指定格式字符，可以调用不同的格式。
+    println!("Base 10:               {}",   69420); // 69420
+    println!("Base 2 (binary):       {:b}", 69420); // 10000111100101100
+    println!("Base 8 (octal):        {:o}", 69420); // 207454
+    println!("Base 16 (hexadecimal): {:x}", 69420); // 10f2c
+
+    // 可以用指定的宽度对文本进行右对齐。
+    // 这将输出“    1”。(四个空格和一个“1”，总宽度为5)
+    println!("{number:>5}", number=1);
 
-    // 你可以按指定宽度来右对齐文本。
-    // 下面语句输出 "     1"，5 个空格后面连着 1。
-    println!("{number:>width$}", number=1, width=6);
+    // 你可以在数字左边补 0，
+    println!("{number:0>5}", number=1); // 00001
+    // 在数字右边补零，下面语句输出 "000001"。
+    println!("{number:0<5}", number=1); // 10000
 
-    // 你可以在数字左边补 0。下面语句输出 "000001"。
-    println!("{number:>0width$}", number=1, width=6);
+    // 可以通过添加 `$` 在格式说明符中使用命名参数。
+    println!("{number:0>width$}", number=1, width=5);
 
     // println! 会检查使用到的参数数量是否正确。
     println!("My name is {0}, {1} {0}", "Bond");
-    // 改正 ^ 补上漏掉的参数："James"
+    // FIXME ^ 补上漏掉的参数："James"
 
-    // 创建一个包含单个 `i32` 的结构体（structure）。命名为 `Structure`。
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    // 只有实现了fmt::Display的类型才能使用'{}'进行格式化。
+    // 默认情况下，用户定义的类型不实现fmt::Display。
+    #[allow(dead_code)]  // 禁用对未使用模块发出警告的' dead_code '
     struct Structure(i32);
 
-    // 但是像结构体这样的自定义类型需要更复杂的方式来处理。
+    // 这将不会编译，因为 `Structure` 没有实现
     // 下面语句无法运行。
-    println!("This struct `{}` won't print...", Structure(3));
-    // 改正 ^ 注释掉此行。
+    // println!("This struct `{}` won't print...", Structure(3));
+    // TODO ^ 注释掉此行。
+
+    // 对于 Rust 1.58 及更高版本，你可以直接从周围变量捕获参数。
+    // 就像上面一样，这将输出“    1”，4 个空格和 1 个“1”。
+    let number: f64 = 1.0;
+    let width: usize = 5;
+    println!("{number:>width$}");
 }
 ```
 
-[`std::fmt`][fmt] 包含多种 [`trait`][traits]（特质）来控制文字显示，其中重要的两种 trait 的基本形式如下：
+[`std::fmt`][fmt] 包含多种 [`traits`][traits]（特质）来控制文字显示，其中重要的两种 trait 的基本形式如下：
 
 - `fmt::Debug`：使用 `{:?}` 标记。格式化文本以供调试使用。
 - `fmt::Display`：使用 `{}` 标记。以更优雅和友好的风格来格式化文本。
 
 上例使用了 `fmt::Display`，因为标准库提供了那些类型的实现。若要打印自定义类型的文本，需要更多的步骤。
 
+实现 `fmt::Display` 特性会自动实现 [`ToString`] 特征，它允许我们将类型 [convert] 为 [`String`][string]。
+
+在*第 43 行*中，`#[allow(dead_code)]` 是一个 [attribute]，只适用于它后面的模块。
+
 ### 动手试一试
 
-- 改正上面代码中的两个错误（见 “改正”），使它可以没有错误地运行。
+- 改正上面代码中的错误（见 FIXME），使它可以没有错误地运行。
+- 尝试取消注释，输出结构体内容（见 TODO）。
 - 再用一个 `println!` 宏，通过控制显示的小数位数来打印：`Pi is roughly 3.142`（Pi 约等于 3.142）。为了达到练习目的，使用 `let pi = 3.141592` 作为 Pi 的近似值（提示：设置小数位的显示格式可以参考文档 [`std::fmt`][fmt]）。
 
 ### 参见：
 
-[`std::fmt`][fmt], [`macros`][macros], [`struct`][structs] 和 [`trait`][traits]
+[`std::fmt`][fmt], [`macros`][macros], [`struct`][structs], [`traits`][traits] 和 [`dead_code`][dead_code]
 
 [fmt]: https://rustwiki.org/zh-CN/std/fmt/
 [macros]: ../macros.md
 [string]: ../std/str.md
 [structs]: ../custom_types/structs.md
 [traits]: ../trait.md
+[`ToString`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/trait.ToString.html
+[convert]: ../conversion/string.md
+[attribute]: ../attribute.md
+[dead_code]: ../attribute/unused.md