Add NODE_VERSION_OVERRIDE everywhere

[iowillhoit]

IMPORTANT
Don't merge before we replace @ew/retry-wrapper with @main
Also merge this one first: salesforcecli/github-workflows#79

What does this PR do?

We had a Repo level variable called TARBALL_NODE_VERSION to manually set the Node version. However, this was only used for setting the Node version in the Tarballs and Docker images. We recently had issues when moving from Node 18 to Node 20. Some tests were failing because they were running with Node 20 despite TARBALL_NODE_VERSION being set.

This PR renames the variable to NODE_VERSION_OVERRIDE and uses it all over: unitTests, NUTs, verify scripts, JIT smoke tests, etc. This provides several benefits:

• Increased confidence since unit, smoke, and NUTs are executing with the same version shipped with the CLI
  • This also applies to the version of npm being used
• Allow us to create a pre-release prior to an LTS transition to make sure everything will work ok
  • If we wanted to, we could create a weekly "next" release that uses the current of Node
• Allows us to release with a previous Node version (if we had to patch sf@v1)
  • Would need to update workflows in that branch first

There are a few other changes include in this PR:

• Created a new wrapper for nick-fields/retry Retry wrapper and determine node versions github-workflows#79
  • Easier to remember
  • Cleaner workflows thanks to defaults
  • Allows us to update the version SHA in one place
• The Docker_full Node version update now happens during PR creation (not on a cron)

@W-14338799@